从敌视对抗到共存互利：10世纪前胡、汉间的冲突、磨合与妥协

发布时间：2018-05-23 12:41

本文选题：胡汉关系 + 朝贡体系　；参考：《复旦大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：自公元前3世纪末,西汉与匈奴,这两个分别代表农业与游牧文明的大帝国首次正面遭遇,到840年回纥帝国灭亡。胡、汉关系在这1000多年的发展过程中,经历了几次重大的转折。西汉与匈奴从和亲走向战争,都试图以武力将自己的意志强加于对方,在遭受巨大损失后,双方萌发了探索彼此都能接受的和平方式的意识。公元前50年代匈奴的内战迫使呼韩邪单于臣服于汉朝,但也使汉、匈双方在实践中学会了如何和平相处。呼韩邪留下的这笔政治遗产对后世的游牧人产生了重大影响,最初以对抗为基调的胡、汉关系在此后数世纪内转变为以合作为主流,同时也使草原上的游牧人长期陷于分裂的状态。4世纪初“五胡之乱”爆发,由塞外逐步南下的拓跋鲜卑建立的北魏最终统治了华北,平城时代的北魏诸帝具有皇帝与可汗两种身份,抱有统治草原与汉地的野心,这促成了草原再次团结为统一政权,开启了新一轮的胡、汉对抗。而随着北魏汉化渐深,其边疆政策也逐渐趋同于汉式王朝。以六镇之乱为契机,北魏与柔然形成了一种新的、彼此依存程度更深的合作关系,这可视作是唐与回纥在安史之乱中结成的共存互利关系的先声。随着北魏的分裂,一直以来以汉地王朝为主导的朝贡体系开始逆转,直到唐初击灭东突厥汗国,胡、汉双方对朝贡主导权的争夺才告一段落。然而,唐朝对朝贡体系的主导权在与突厥第二汗国和回纥汗国的交往中逐渐变得有名无实。这是胡、汉双方彼此调整、磨合与妥协的结果,使游牧帝国与汉地王朝最终都接受了朝贡体系作为处理彼此关系的基本模式,而朝贡体系也因此具有了更大的弹性和包容性。本文第一章论述了公元前3世纪末农、牧帝国首次遭遇后,如何从充满敌意和不信任的冲突转变为探索彼此都能接受的和平方式的过程。第二章则讨论了因匈奴内战而意外降临的和平如何影响了此后数百年的胡、汉关系,使得双方的冲突渐趋缓和,而合作成为双方关系的主流。第三章主要讨论了入主中原的游牧人与草原上的游牧人之间新一轮对抗的开始、缓和,并最终形成了一种新的、彼此依存程度更深的合作关系的过程。第四章论述了胡、汉双方对朝贡体系主导权的争夺,以及胡、汉双方在调整、磨合、妥协下接受朝贡体系作为处理彼此关系的基本模式。在余论中,笔者指出自公元前3世纪以来,胡、汉之间的联系日益密切,双方对彼此的了解与影响逐渐加深。这使得双方对彼此的态度和政策不断发生变化。一方面汉地王朝的边疆策略逐渐对级别越来越高的草原游牧政治体产生了效果,另一方面汉地王朝在与游牧国家的朝贡关系中需要作出越来越多的妥协,而这也使得自北朝末年以来几度出现反复、中断乃至逆转的胡、汉之间的朝贡关系至此也终于稳定下来。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the third century BC, the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, the two great empires representing agriculture and nomadic civilization, first encountered each other, until the end of the Huihe Empire in 840. The relationship between Hu and Han has experienced several important turning points in the course of 1000 years of development. The Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu both tried to impose their will on each other by force from their kinship to war. After suffering great losses, the two sides developed the consciousness of exploring peaceful ways acceptable to each other. The civil war in the 50 s BC forced Hu-Han evil to submit to the Han Dynasty, but also made the Han and Hungarian sides learn how to live in peace in practice. The political legacy left by Hou Han evil had a great impact on the nomads of later generations. Hu, with the tone of confrontation at first, turned Sino-Han relations into the mainstream of cooperation in the following centuries. At the same time, it also caused the nomads on the grasslands to fall into a state of division for a long time. At the beginning of the 4th century, "the chaos of the five Hu" broke out, and the Northern Wei Dynasty, established by Tuoba Xianbei, which gradually went south from outside, finally ruled North China. The emperors of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Pingcheng era had the identity of emperor and Khan, and had the ambition of ruling the grassland and the Han land, which made the grasslands unite again for a unified regime and opened a new round of confrontation between Hu and Han. With the deepening of the Northern Wei Dynasty, its border policy gradually converged with the Han dynasty. Taking the chaos of six towns as a turning point, the Northern Wei Dynasty and Roran formed a new and more interdependent cooperative relationship, which can be regarded as the forerunner of the coexistence and mutual benefit between Tang Dynasty and Huihe in the Anshi Rebellion. With the division of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the tribute system dominated by the Han Dynasty began to reverse, until the early Tang Dynasty to destroy the Eastern Turkic khanate, Hu, Han two sides to pay tribute to the end of the dominant power. However, the Tang Dynasty's dominant power over the tributary system gradually became nominal in its contacts with the Turkic second khanate and Huihe khanate. This is the result of mutual adjustment, running-in and compromise between Hu and Han dynasties, so that both nomadic empires and Han dynasties eventually accepted the tributary system as the basic mode of dealing with each other's relations, and the tributary system was therefore more flexible and inclusive. The first chapter discusses how to transform the conflict of hostility and distrust into a peaceful way that is acceptable to each other after the first encounter of the farming and pastoral empires in the end of the third century BC. The second chapter discusses how the peace that came by accident because of the Xiongnu Civil War affected the Hu and Han relations for hundreds of years, which made the conflict between the two sides gradually relaxed, and cooperation became the mainstream of the relations between the two sides. The third chapter mainly discusses the beginning of a new round of confrontation between nomads entering the Central Plains and nomads on the grasslands, and finally forms a new, more interdependent process of cooperation. The fourth chapter discusses Hu and Han's contention for the dominant power of the tributary system, as well as the acceptance of the tributary system as the basic mode of handling the relationship between Hu and Han in the process of adjustment, running-in and compromise. In the conclusion, the author points out that since the 3rd century BC, the relationship between Hu and Han has become closer and closer, and the mutual understanding and influence between the two sides have gradually deepened. This has led to constant changes in attitudes and policies towards each other. On the one hand, the border strategy of the Han Dynasty gradually produced effect on the higher and higher level of grassland nomadic politics, on the other hand, the Han Dynasty needed to make more and more compromises in the tributary relations with nomadic countries. This also made several times since the end of the Northern Dynasty repeated, interrupted and even reversed Hu, Han tribute relations have finally stabilized.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K23

【参考文献】