东汉士大夫孝道研究

发布时间：2018-05-23 18:43

本文选题：东汉 + 士大夫　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：孝,是中华民族亘古传承的美德。汉代确立了“以孝治天下”的孝治理念,使原本属于家庭伦理的孝道扩展到国家政治、社会层面,成为全社会普遍遵循的道德行为准则。东汉光武中兴,继承西汉的孝治理念,着手对儒士阶层进行吏化改造,最终形成了士大夫阶层,成为国家政权的重要组成部分。士大夫作为东汉具有一定的政治地位和文化知识的精英阶层,他们以儒者自居,积极践行儒家的孝道思想,使社会上涌现出了大量的孝子贤孙,有力地促进了东汉社会的重孝风气。东汉在实施孝治的过程中,国家采取一系列措施推广孝道,不仅《孝经》成为全社会的通行教材,而且还出现至孝选举,官府通过褒奖孝行、惩罚不孝,扩大了孝道思想的影响范围。东汉家庭更是注重从小培养子女的孝德意识,使得士大夫在日常生活中都能谨遵孝道,积极履行为人子者的应尽义务。就东汉士大夫的孝行而言,主要体现为对父母亲属的孝行,对非亲属师长的孝行和移孝作忠三个方面。东汉士大夫非常重视对父母的事生之孝,通过一系列具体的孝行实践着对父母的孝道,特别是对于后母的孝养,不管后母严酷还是慈爱,士大夫都能事之如生母,显示了士大夫较高的道德品行。与西汉士大夫相比,东汉士大夫更加重视对父母死后的外在形式化的孝,“居丧过礼”已经成为当时士大夫有意识的主动行为。同时,在忠孝关系上,到东汉末年逐渐出现了重忠轻孝的趋势,使得社会上出现了大量忠汉之臣,有力地捍卫了国家政权。东汉士大夫的这些不同孝行表现,体现了士大夫行孝的鲜明时代特色,士大夫行孝的对象不断增多且行孝的方式更加多样化。随着孝与政治的挂钩,使得士大夫行孝目的的功利性加强。由于东汉士大夫对父母死后丧葬仪式的过度追求,使得士大夫的行孝行为更加极端化,导致社会上出现的愚孝行为越来越多,严重影响了后世士大夫的行孝标准。总之,东汉士大夫的行孝行为不仅对东汉社会乃至后世均产生了深远的影响。
[Abstract]:Filial piety is the everlasting virtue of the Chinese nation. The Han Dynasty established the concept of "governing the world by filial piety", which made filial piety, originally belonging to family ethics, extend to the national politics and social level, and became the moral code of conduct generally followed by the whole society. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guangwu Zhongxing, inheriting the idea of filial piety in the Western Han Dynasty, began to transform the Confucian stratum into officials, and finally formed the intelligentsia stratum, which became an important part of the state power. As the elite class with certain political status and cultural knowledge in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the literati and bureaucrats regarded themselves as Confucian scholars and actively practiced the Confucian filial piety thought, which resulted in the emergence of a large number of filial sons and grandchildren in the society. It has promoted the filial piety in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the implementation of filial piety in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state took a series of measures to promote filial piety, which not only became a popular textbook for the whole society, but also appeared in filial piety elections. Expanded the influence scope of filial piety thought. The family of the Eastern Han Dynasty paid more attention to cultivate the filial piety consciousness of the children from childhood, so that the literati and officials could abide by the filial piety in their daily life and actively fulfill the obligation of being the son of man. As far as the filial piety of the literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty is concerned, it mainly embodies the filial piety to the parents and relatives, the filial piety to the non-relative teachers and the filial piety and loyalty. Scholars and officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty attached great importance to the filial piety of their parents, practicing filial piety to their parents through a series of specific filial piety, especially for the filial piety of their stepmothers, whether their stepmothers were harsh or loving, and the literati and officials could do things like birth mothers. It shows the high moral character of the literati and officials. Compared with the literati officials in the Western Han Dynasty, the East Han Scholars pay more attention to the formal filial piety of their parents after their death, and the "bereavement" has become a conscious initiative of the literati at that time. At the same time, in the relationship of loyalty and filial piety, the trend of attaching importance to loyalty and neglecting filial piety gradually appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. These different forms of filial piety in the Eastern Han Dynasty reflect the distinctive characteristics of the times, and the objects of filial piety are increasing and the ways of filial piety are more diversified. With the connection between filial piety and politics, the utilitarian purpose of filial piety was strengthened. Due to the excessive pursuit of funeral ceremony after the death of parents, the behavior of filial piety is more and more extreme, resulting in more and more behavior of filial piety in society, which seriously affects the standards of filial piety of later generations. In a word, the behavior of filial piety not only exerted a profound influence on the society of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but also on the later generations.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K234.2;B823.1

【参考文献】