宋代福建路“不举子”现象研究

发布时间：2018-05-24 12:15

本文选题：宋代 + 福建　；参考：《西华师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：“不举子”指古代父母不仅不履行抚养义务,而且将刚出生的婴儿溺杀或者抛弃的行为。古代“不举子”现象由来已久,并非只是宋代才出现。早在上古时期,便出现杀子而抑制人口的行为。宋代是我国古代政治、经济、文化、科技等领域大发展的一个时代。在此期间,以“理”为核心的“理学”的形成与发展,在糅合了佛家和道家思想的基础上,构建了一个严密的封建伦理道德体质,在南宋后期成为官方的指导思想,并对以后的社会发展具有深远的影响。因而,宋代是中国古代封建社会的一个转型期,具有重要的历史意义。福建自进入宋代以来,无论是经济、文化各方面均取得了快速发展。然而一直崇尚“多子多福”的古代农业社会,却在宋代福建地区出现了普遍且严重的“不举子”现象,似乎有些违背常理。同时,“不举子”行为也与当时社会所倡导的封建伦理道德思想相违背。本文研究了宋代福建路“不举子”现象的时空分布特点、产生的原因、解决措施以及社会历史影响。在研究的过程中不仅仅只局限于宋代的“不举子”问题,还追溯了宋代以前的“生子不举”现象,进而对宋代福建路的“不举子”现象进行深入分析。有利于厘清“不举子”现象的发展脉络,从而更好的揭示宋代福建路的“不举子”现象的根源。宋代福建路“不举子”现象的分布特点,在时间上呈现北宋宋仁宗、宋徽宗,南宋宋高宗、宋孝宗和宋宁宗统治期以及南宋比北宋时期更为严重的特点。在空间上则呈现出内陆上四州地区比沿海下四州地区、乡村比城市更为普遍和严重的特点。从人地关系的视角进行综合分析,得出自然地理环境、百姓的经济状况、风俗文化相互交叉,共同作用于宋代福建路百姓的家庭生育观。宋代福建路耕地面积匮乏、土地贫瘠、赋役沉重以及土地兼并导致的百姓生活贫困是“不举子”的主要原因。同时,社会不安定因素,民风强悍、轻视律法以及地方社会风俗的潜移默化影响则加剧了福建路“不举子”现象的普遍化和严重化,进一步导致“不举子”现象的蔓延与扩散。宋代士大夫群体对福建路“不举子”现象进行了诸多评论,他们积极的批判和抵制“不举子”行为,认为“不举子”现象有伤教化,败坏道德。同时,也积极的为解决福建路“不举子”现象提出相应的解决措施建议。比如有士大夫提出,设置官庄,以助生子不举家庭养子的方法。虽然有些建议并未被采纳,但是也为解决“不举子”现象提供了一定的参考意见。除了士大夫们通过舆论作用劝诱和引导百姓认识“不举子”危害而自觉减少“不举子”行为外,宋代中央和地方政府与民间人士为解决福建路“不举子”现象也在积极的采取各项措施。一方面最高统治者频繁颁布律法,禁止“不举子”行为。并且政府又以直接给钱米资助的方式,帮助贫困家庭养子。另一方面,福建路地方官也积极采取措施,配合中央政府的行动,因地制宜的采取各项措施遏制“不举子”现象的蔓延。包括地方官和当地的士大夫一起设立“社仓”和“举子仓”,通过给中下层的贫困家庭以钱米资助的形式,为他们提供一定的经济支援养育子女,从而减少当地因贫困而“不举子”现象的发生。虽然这些措施取得了一定的效果,也延缓了福建路“不举子”现象的进一步恶化。但是,依旧无法完全禁止该现象的继续发展,乃至到了明清时期,福建“不举子”现象依旧普遍存在,只是“不举”对象发生了变化——从宋代的男女皆不举,发展为清代的普遍“溺女”现象。最后,论述了宋代福建路“不举子”现象对宋代福建社会人口增长速度、劳动人口的增加以及社会风气等方面产生的负面影响。总之,研究宋代福建路“不举子”现象对于解决当前我国“弃婴”和儿童人口买卖问题具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:"No lifting" means that the ancient parents not only failed to fulfill their upbringing obligations, but also drowned or discarded the newborn babies. The ancient "no lift" was a long history, not only in the Song Dynasty. Early in the ancient times, it appeared to kill and suppress the population. The Song Dynasty was the ancient political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological fields of our country. During the period of great development, in this period, the formation and development of "Neo Confucianism", with the core of "Li" as the core, built a strict feudal ethical and moral constitution on the basis of the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, and became the official guiding ideology in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and had a profound influence on the future social development. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was the middle school. A transitional period in the feudal society of ancient China has an important historical significance. Since the entry of the Song Dynasty, Fujian has made rapid development in both economic and cultural aspects. However, the ancient agricultural society, which has been advocating the "multi child and multi blessing", has appeared in the Fujian area of the Song Dynasty and appears to be contrary to the phenomenon of "no lifting the son". At the same time, the behavior of "not lifting the son" is also contrary to the feudal ethics and moral ideas advocated by the society at that time. This paper studies the characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in Fujian road in the Song Dynasty, the causes, the measures and the influence of the social history. In the course of the study, it is not only limited to the "no lift" in the Song Dynasty. The paper also traces back the phenomenon of "not raising children" before the Song Dynasty, and then analyses the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in Fujian road in the Song Dynasty. It is beneficial to clarify the development of the phenomenon of "not lifting the son", so as to better reveal the origin of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in the Fujian road in the Song Dynasty. The distribution characteristics of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in the Fujian road of the Song Dynasty, In time, the Northern Song Dynasty Song Renzong, the Song Hui emperor, the Southern Song Song Gaozong, the Song Xiaozong and Song Ningzong rule and the Southern Song Dynasty were more serious than the Northern Song Dynasty. In space, the four states were more common and serious than the four regions in the coastal areas, and the rural areas were more common and serious than the cities. The main reason is that the natural geographical environment, the economic situation of the common people, the customs and culture cross each other, and the family fertility view of the people of Fujian road in the Song Dynasty. The main reason for the "no lifting" is the lack of arable land in the Fujian road in the song Dynasty, the barren land, the heavy duty and the poverty caused by the land merger. At the same time, the social unrest factors and the people are the main reasons. The strong wind, the imperceptible influence of the law and the local social customs aggravated the universality and seriousness of the "no lift" phenomenon in Fujian Road, which further led to the spread and diffusion of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son". The Song Dynasty scholar officials criticized and resisted the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" on the Fujian road. The phenomenon of "not lifting the son" is that the phenomenon of "not lifting the son" is harmful to teaching and morality. At the same time, it is also positive to put forward some suggestions for solving the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in Fujian road. On the other hand, the central and local governments of the Song Dynasty and the folk people are actively taking various measures to solve the "no lifting son" in Fujian road. The supreme ruler frequently enacted laws to prohibit the act of "not lifting the son". And the government helped the poor families to raise their children by means of direct funding to the money rice. On the other hand, the Fujian road local officials took active measures to cooperate with the actions of the central government to take measures to curb the spread of the "no lift" phenomenon. The official and local taxi officials set up the "social warehouse" and "the lifting barn" together, providing them with financial support and raising children by providing financial support to the poor families in the middle and lower layers, thus reducing the local phenomenon of "no lifting" because of the poverty. Although these measures have achieved some effect, they also postpone the Fujian road. The phenomenon of "not lifting the son" was further worsened. However, it was still impossible to completely prohibit the continued development of the phenomenon, and even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" still existed in Fujian, but the object of "not lifting" was changed - the phenomenon of "drowning women" from the men and women in the Song Dynasty, which was the common phenomenon in the Qing Dynasty, was discussed. Finally, the article discussed the phenomenon of "drowning women" in the Qing Dynasty. The phenomenon of "not lifting the son" on Fujian road in the Song Dynasty has a negative impact on the growth rate of the social population, the increase of the labor population and the social atmosphere in the Song Dynasty. In a word, the study of "no lifting the son" of the Fujian road in the song Dynasty has a certain reference and reference significance to solve the problem of "abandoned baby" and the problem of buying and selling of children in the present China.
【学位授予单位】：西华师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K244

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