北齐社会与士人思想研究

发布时间：2018-07-31 18:28

【摘要】：南北朝时期，在中国的南方和北方分别有两个齐国：一个是公元479年由萧道成在建康建立的齐国，史称“南齐”；一个是公元550年由高洋在邺城建立的齐国，史称“北齐”。北齐国家存在了仅仅27年，公元577年北齐灭于北周，此时距隋朝建立仅差4年。北齐是北朝末期一个短命的国家，也是从魏晋南北朝时代向隋唐时代过渡的国家之一，具有承前启后的历史地位，对于研究从南北朝到隋唐的社会进程有着一定的意义。士人在中国传统文化中有着特殊的地位。学界所说的“士人”，大体说来相当于今天人们所说的知识分子，不过由于古今学术重心不同，，古代士人是以社会知识为主的群体。至于涉及天文历法、医学、宗教等方面专门知识的知识分子，通常另有专称。故本文所说的古代士人或知识分子，主要指具备社会知识的群体，是狭义的、约定俗成意义上的传统知识分子。士人思想研究具有重要的学术意义。中国历史的进程，既是物质文明的进步，也是精神文明的发展，归根到底，人们的思想是物质生活和精神生活变化的动力。在中国社会中，士人思想是社会各阶层思想的主体，无论是上层社会贵族阶层的思想，还是下层民众的生活观念，都可以在士人思想中寻觅出踪迹。因而，把握一个时代士人思想是认识一个时代的重要途径。北齐时代士人的思想至少表现为三种类型。第一种是以魏收为代表的官方喉舌型思想。这种类型的思想具有两重特征：一方面，秉承传统的官方意识形态，宣扬儒教纲常和政治神秘主义，主张天下一统和皇权至上；另一方面，关注个人、家庭生活和生死问题，思考国家与个人二者之间的关系问题。第二种是以刘昼为代表的亦儒亦杂型思想。这种类型的思想以儒家思想为主体，以道家、阴阳家、法家等思想为补充既关注公共秩序，也思考个人生活和终极命运。第三种类型是以颜之推为代表的以治家为特色的思想。这种类型的思想虽不排斥官方的意识形态，但其关注的重心则在家庭，在家庭生活中的个人，注重人格的培养和性情的陶冶，尤其重视个人的生死问题，并具有明显的宗教信仰化倾向。上述三种类型的士人思想具有明显的共性特征。具体表现在，它们都秉承传统的官方意识形态，遵循儒教的原则，但又在不同程度上疏离儒家传统，走向道家思想甚至宗教，第一种类型较为正统，第二种类型居中，第三种类型走得最远。导致这种类型差异的主要原因是彼此政治立足点不同，对个人生命关注的程度不同。导致当时知识分子关心生命问题和宗教问题的深层原因，既与个人性格因素有关，也与社会环境因素有关。
[Abstract]:During the Southern and Northern dynasties, there were two states of Qi in the south and north of China: one was founded by Xiao Daocheng in Jiankang in AD 479, known as "Southern Qi", and the other was founded by Gao Yang in Yecheng in AD 550, known as "Northern Qi". The Northern Qi state existed for only 27 years, and died out in the Northern Zhou Dynasty in 577 AD, just four years before the establishment of the Sui Dynasty. The Northern Qi Dynasty is a short-lived country at the end of the Northern Dynasty. It is also one of the transitional countries from the Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties. It has a historical status of connecting the past and the future, and has certain significance for the study of the social process from the Southern and Northern dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties. Scholars have a special position in Chinese traditional culture. Academic circles say "scholars", in general, are equivalent to intellectuals today, but because of the different academic center of ancient and modern, the ancient scholars are mainly a group of social knowledge. Intellectuals with expertise in astronomical calendars, medicine, religion, etc. Therefore, the ancient scholars or intellectuals in this article, mainly refers to the group with social knowledge, is a narrow sense, conventional sense of traditional intellectuals. The study of scholars' thought has important academic significance. The process of Chinese history is not only the progress of material civilization, but also the development of spiritual civilization. In the final analysis, people's thought is the motive force of material life and spiritual life change. In Chinese society, the thought of scholars is the main body of the thoughts of all social strata. Whether the thoughts of the upper class of the aristocrat or the idea of life of the lower class can be found in the thoughts of the scholars. Therefore, it is an important way to understand the thought of scholars in a time. There are at least three types of thought of scholars in the Northern Qi Dynasty. The first is the official mouthpiece thought represented by Wei Harvest. This type of thought has two characteristics: on the one hand, it upholds the traditional official ideology, propagates Confucian principles and political mysticism, and advocates the unification of the world and the supremacy of imperial power; on the other hand, it pays attention to the issues of individuals, family life and death. Think about the relationship between the state and the individual. The second kind is also Confucianism and miscellaneous type thought represented by Liu day. This type of thought takes Confucianism as the main body and Taoism, Yin-yang and Legalists as the supplement, which not only pays attention to public order, but also reflects on personal life and ultimate destiny. The third type is the idea of governing the family, represented by Yan Zhi-tzu. Although this type of thought does not exclude official ideology, its focus is on the family, the individual in family life, the cultivation of personality and the cultivation of temperament, with particular emphasis on the question of the life and death of the individual, And has the obvious religious belief tendency. The above three types of Scholars thought have obvious common features. In particular, they all adhere to the traditional official ideology and follow the principles of Confucianism, but to varying degrees they alienate the Confucian tradition and move towards Taoism and even religion. The first type is more orthodox and the second type is intermediate. The third type goes furthest. The main reason for this kind of difference is the different political standpoint of each other and the different degree of attention to personal life. The deep causes of intellectuals' concern about life and religion at that time were not only related to personal character but also to social environment.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D691.71;K239.24

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