明清海户研究

发布时间：2018-08-02 08:51

【摘要】：明清时期的贱民问题是明清社会史研究的一个重要课题。由于贱民身份低微,史料记载少,故学术界对其研究较少,而对于贱民阶层中的小种户民的研究则更少。本文将在尽可能多地搜集史料的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,对海户的来源、管理和工作方面进行论述,以帮助我们对明清时期贱民中的小种户民有所了解,使我们更加清楚的了解明清社会。本文正文共分六个部分： (一)南苑。南苑地处古永定河道,在永定门外南二十里,元代被称为“下马飞放泊”,意为离京城很近的意思。南苑在辽代是就是皇家的游猎场所,金朝就开始在此营建宫殿。明成祖时把苑内的居民赶走,筑起围墙,建成了皇家苑囿。南苑在明清时期是皇帝游猎、训练军队的重要场所。 (二)海户的来源。在明代前期南苑的服役人员主要收录的民户。到明中期随着社会上自宫人数的不断增多,明政府为了稳定社会秩序,不得已大规模的收录太监到南苑服役。明中期以后大量的贵族、勋戚、宦官大规模地圈占土地建立庄园,导致农民的负担越来越重,不法之民往往投充势家、庄头家人名目或者匿入海户、陵户、勇士、校尉等籍逃避徭役,特别是顺天府的人投充海户较多。 (三)海户的管理。在明代南海子既不属于户部管也不属于兵部管,而是由上林苑管辖,到清代则由内务府管理。主要介绍了管理海户的官员设置情况,海户的口粮地、海户享有的特权、赏赐情况、犯法时的处罚情况。 (四)海户的工作。从明代开始南苑不仅仅是皇帝打猎、训练军队的场所,还成为重要的物资生产基地。在清代南苑还成为统治者处理少数民族事务的重要场所。清代皇帝经常外出巡幸,南苑便成为皇帝临时驻跸之所。 (五)海户的生存状态。尽管海户享有各项优惠政策,享受到国家的补助、皇帝的奖励,拥有较多的土地,但是他们生活却比较窘迫。海户不但生活窘迫,政治地位也很低下。 (六)总结。海户并不是一个单纯的户种,而是一系列户种的合称,既有属于民户的栽户和养户,又有属于贱民的隶卒,更有为世人所不齿的太监,不符合明清时期以职业划分户种的要求。他们的职业都是世袭的,非经批准不允许更改,这是多方面的原因造成的。海户的发展总的来说是朝着不断解放的方向发展的。
[Abstract]:The problem of untouchability in Ming and Qing dynasties is an important subject in the study of social history of Ming and Qing dynasties. Because of the low status of untouchable people and the lack of historical records, there is less research on Dalit in academic circles, and even less on the small kind of household people in Dalit class. On the basis of collecting as much historical data as possible and combining with the previous research results, this paper will discuss the origin, management and work of Haihu, in order to help us understand the small family among the untouchables in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Make us understand the Ming and Qing society more clearly. The text of this paper is divided into six parts: (1) Nanyuan. Nanyuan is located in the ancient Yongding River Road, twenty miles south of Yongding Gate, Yuan Dynasty is known as "dismount flying park," meaning to be very close to the capital. Nanyuan in Liao Dynasty is the royal hunting place, the Jin Dynasty began to build palaces here. In Ming Dynasty, the residents of the court were driven away, and the imperial court was built up with a wall. Nanyuan was an important place for emperors to hunt and train their troops during the Ming and Qing dynasties. (II) sources of Haihu. In the early Ming Dynasty Nanyuan service personnel mainly included in the household. By the middle of Ming Dynasty, with the increase of the number of people from the palace, the Ming government, in order to stabilize the social order, had to include eunuch to serve in Nanyuan on a large scale. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of nobles, honours, and eunuchs occupied the land on a large scale to build manors, which led to a heavier and heavier burden on the peasants. School Ensign and so on to escape corvee, especially Shun Tianfu people cast sea door more. (3) the management of sea households. In the Ming Dynasty, Nanhai Zi did not belong to the management of the Ministry of Housing or the Department of Arms, but was governed by Shanglin Court, which was managed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly introduces the setting up of the officials in charge of the Haihu, the ration land of the Haihu, the privileges enjoyed by the Haihu, the situation of reward, and the punishment in case of breaking the law. (4) the work of Haihu. From the Ming Dynasty, Nanyuan was not only a place for emperors to hunt and train the army, but also an important material production base. In the Qing Dynasty, Nanyuan also became an important place for rulers to handle the affairs of ethnic minorities. When the emperor of the Qing Dynasty often went on a tour, Nanyuan became the temporary residence of the emperor. (5) the living condition of Haihu. Although Haihu enjoys preferential policies, state subsidies, emperors' rewards, and has more land, they live in poverty. Haihu not only lives in poverty, but also political status is very low. (VI) Summary. Haihu is not a simple household species, but a series of household species, not only belong to the household planting and raising households, but also belong to the untouchable official soldiers, but also for the world's eunuchs, not in line with the Ming and Qing dynasties by occupation to divide household species requirements. Their occupations are hereditary and are not allowed to change without approval, for a variety of reasons. Haihu's development is generally in the direction of continuous liberation.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248

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