清代山东济宁州历任知州考论
发布时间：2018-08-03 18:17
【摘要】：清代济宁州隶属于山东省,地处运河沿岸,当南北交通之要冲,它的稳定与否直接关系到漕运是否畅通。因此清朝统治者从定鼎之初就十分重视对济宁州的管理,不但在这里设立了河道总督等众多衙署,驻守重兵;还将济宁州升为直隶州,将其定为“冲、繁、难”三字要缺,这就对济宁州知州的行政素养提出更高要求。清政府一共任命了137位、162任济宁州知州,其中竟无一人来自山东省和江苏徐州府,这体现出清政府在任用地方官时严格执行籍贯回避制度,以防范地方官员为维护本族利益而徇私;在选派济宁州知州时,清政府坚持“正途为主,多途并举”的原则,既重视科甲也强调不拘一格降人才。同时,清朝作为少数民族政权,比较注意维护八旗官员的利益,往往在入仕途径上给予特权,清代济宁州的旗人知州大多出身异途,而且多贪赃枉法之徒,所以到清后期,面对严重的内忧外患,清政府不再让旗人出任济宁州知州了。此外,介于济宁州的重要地位,知州多为有地方行政经验的知县、散州知州、府同知等官员升调而来,这充分保证了济宁州知州的整体政治素养,有助于济宁州的长治久安。清朝,作为最后一个封建王朝,既是我国古代史的结束,又是近代史的开端。清代中前期的济宁州知州,面对的是上千年来州县官员都需应对的“钱谷刑名”这些传统问题。而鸦片战争后,整个清王朝都面临着严重的内忧外患和激烈的社会变革,济宁州作为其一个基层行政单位,不可避免的被裹挟其中。时代的大变革,使得济宁州知州的职掌发生了巨大变化,面对气势汹汹的农民起义军,作为文职官员的知州,也要率领团练武装,亲赴战场配合官军作战;面对西方殖民者的宗教文化侵略,知州要小心翼翼的调和教民冲突;面对清末新政,一些有所作为的知州积极创办近代机构,如设立巡警局、创办各类新式学堂等等,在一定程度上推动了济宁州地区的近代化,为济宁州的社会转型准备了人才和思想基础。通过对清代山东济宁州知州群体进行深入研究,不但丰富了地方区域史的研究,填补了地方政治制度史研究在这方面的空白;而且系统总结了清代济宁州历任知州治理地方的得失经验,这有助于当地的政治文明建设,具有一定的现实意义。
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty, the Jining state belonged to the Shandong Province, which was located on the canal along the canal. When the north and south traffic rushed, its stability was directly related to the unimpeded transport of water. Therefore, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the management of Jining from the beginning of the ding of the Ding, and not only set up the governor of the river in this area, but also stood the heavy troops, and the state of Jining was promoted to Zhili state. The three words of "Chong, complex and difficult" should be missing, which put forward higher requirements for the administrative accomplishment of Jining state. The Qing government has appointed 137 and 162 Jining States, none of which come from Shandong and Jiangsu Xuzhou, which embodies the strict enforcement of native place avoidance system in the appointment of local officials in order to prevent local officials. In order to safeguard the interests of the ethnic group, the Qing government insisted on the principle of "main road and multi path" in the selection of Jining state. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty, as a minority regime, paid more attention to the interests of the officials of the eight banners, and tended to give privileges to the government of the Qing Dynasty and the flag of the Qing Dynasty in Jining. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government, in the face of serious internal and external problems, no longer allowed the flag man to take up the state of Jining state. In addition, the important position of the state of Jining was the important position of the state. The overall political accomplishment of the state of ningzhou was conducive to the long-term stability of Jining. The Qing Dynasty, as the last feudal dynasty, was the end of the ancient history of our country and the beginning of the modern history. In the early period of the Qing Dynasty, the state of the state of Jining was faced with the traditional problems of "the name of the valley of Qian Gu", which the officials of the state county had to respond to in the last thousand years. After the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with serious internal and external problems and fierce social changes. As a grass-roots administrative unit, Jining was inevitably taken into account. The great changes of the times made a great change in the duties of the state of Jining. In the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists, the state should be careful to reconcile the conflict with the people in the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists. In the face of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty, some of the competent states have actively established modern institutions, such as the establishment of a police station and the establishment of various new types of schools, and so on, to a certain extent, to promote the proximity of the Jining Prefecture. It has prepared the talent and ideological basis for the social transformation of Jining state. Through the in-depth study of the Jining state group in the Qing Dynasty, Shandong, not only enriches the study of local regional history, fills the gap in the study of the history of local political system, but also summarizes the gain and loss experience of Jining state in the Qing Dynasty to govern the Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. This helps local political civilization construction and has certain practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2162567
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty, the Jining state belonged to the Shandong Province, which was located on the canal along the canal. When the north and south traffic rushed, its stability was directly related to the unimpeded transport of water. Therefore, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the management of Jining from the beginning of the ding of the Ding, and not only set up the governor of the river in this area, but also stood the heavy troops, and the state of Jining was promoted to Zhili state. The three words of "Chong, complex and difficult" should be missing, which put forward higher requirements for the administrative accomplishment of Jining state. The Qing government has appointed 137 and 162 Jining States, none of which come from Shandong and Jiangsu Xuzhou, which embodies the strict enforcement of native place avoidance system in the appointment of local officials in order to prevent local officials. In order to safeguard the interests of the ethnic group, the Qing government insisted on the principle of "main road and multi path" in the selection of Jining state. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty, as a minority regime, paid more attention to the interests of the officials of the eight banners, and tended to give privileges to the government of the Qing Dynasty and the flag of the Qing Dynasty in Jining. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government, in the face of serious internal and external problems, no longer allowed the flag man to take up the state of Jining state. In addition, the important position of the state of Jining was the important position of the state. The overall political accomplishment of the state of ningzhou was conducive to the long-term stability of Jining. The Qing Dynasty, as the last feudal dynasty, was the end of the ancient history of our country and the beginning of the modern history. In the early period of the Qing Dynasty, the state of the state of Jining was faced with the traditional problems of "the name of the valley of Qian Gu", which the officials of the state county had to respond to in the last thousand years. After the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with serious internal and external problems and fierce social changes. As a grass-roots administrative unit, Jining was inevitably taken into account. The great changes of the times made a great change in the duties of the state of Jining. In the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists, the state should be careful to reconcile the conflict with the people in the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists. In the face of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty, some of the competent states have actively established modern institutions, such as the establishment of a police station and the establishment of various new types of schools, and so on, to a certain extent, to promote the proximity of the Jining Prefecture. It has prepared the talent and ideological basis for the social transformation of Jining state. Through the in-depth study of the Jining state group in the Qing Dynasty, Shandong, not only enriches the study of local regional history, fills the gap in the study of the history of local political system, but also summarizes the gain and loss experience of Jining state in the Qing Dynasty to govern the Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. This helps local political civilization construction and has certain practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249
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