春秋卿、大夫、卿大夫的内涵生成与时代变迁——基于《春秋左传》的历史考察

发布时间：2018-08-22 19:46

【摘要】：在春秋时人的话语体系中,"大夫"有三种涵义:泛指卿与大夫;确指各国之卿;指大夫等级本身。在鲁隐公时期,"卿"与"大夫"之间尚无特别明显的区分,其用法在《春秋经》中得到保留;从桓公时期开始,春秋贵族势力日益繁衍膨胀,等级隶属观念加强,内部分化逐渐加剧,开始有意识地将"卿"与通常的"大夫"相区别;至迟在春秋晚期,作为一个有固定内涵的词语,"卿大夫"合用,作为泛指诸侯之下、士之上的宗法贵族阶层,这正是"大夫"在春秋时期等级分化与社会伦理变迁的反映。这一变化对社会性质与社会结构的影响,又集萃于"国人"的内涵变迁之上。一般而言,春秋"国人"可概指卿、大夫、士,但是在与卿、大夫有所区别时,"国人"则主要指下层大夫和"士"。春秋战国之交以降,"国人"俨然成为平民大众的代名词。这既是语言内涵的历史传承、时代变迁及内涵新赋,亦是社会结构与文化形态的历史变迁在人类语言上的反映,更预示着一个"布衣将相"新时代的到来。
[Abstract]:In the speech system of people in the Spring and Autumn period, "doctor" has three meanings: general reference to Qing and doctor; indeed to the state of the state; to the rank of doctor itself. In the period of Lu Yin Gong, there was no special distinction between "Qing" and "doctor", and its usage was preserved in the Chun Qiu Ching Ching Ching Jing. Since the period of Duke Huan, the aristocratic forces of the Spring and Autumn dynasties have been increasingly proliferating and expanding, and the concept of hierarchical subordination has been strengthened. The internal division gradually intensified and began to consciously distinguish "Qing" from the usual "doctor"; at the latest, as a fixed term with fixed connotations, "Qing doctor" was used as a general reference to princes. The patriarchal aristocracy above the scholars is the reflection of the hierarchy differentiation and the social ethical change in the Spring and Autumn period. The influence of this change on the social nature and social structure is based on the change of the connotation of "Chinese". Generally speaking, in the Spring and Autumn period, "Chinese" can refer to "Qing", "doctor", "scholar", but in the case of "Qing", "doctor", "Chinese" mainly refers to the lower class doctor and "scholar". Spring and Autumn warring States to fall, "Chinese" has become a synonym for the general public. This is not only the historical inheritance of language connotation, the change of times and new Fu of connotation, but also the reflection of the historical changes of social structure and cultural form in human language.
【作者单位】：成都理工大学马克思主义学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金项目《春秋楚国公族社会研究》(项目批准号13CZS007) 2016年成都理工大学廉政与社会发展研究所资助课题《汉代少吏与社会治理研究》(项目编号:2016UTLZB007)
【分类号】：K225.04

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