明成祖朱棣民族关系思想探析
发布时间：2018-09-17 08:44
【摘要】：明朝是中国漫长历史发展中由汉族建立的最后一个大一统封建王朝。明成祖朱棣期间，面对错综复杂的民族关系，其处理民族关系的方式也是多种多样的，因此明成祖的民族关系思想也是非常丰富的。他的民族关系思想对整个明朝处理民族关系产生了重要影响，同时其民族关系思想也是吸收了以前王朝和中华文化的经验和教训。总的来说，明成祖的民族关系思想概括起来有以下三点：一、“华夷一家”和“控四夷制天下”的思想。“华”即是以中原汉族自称自己为“华”，而“夷”，起初指的是东方之人，后来引申为除了汉族以外的少数民族统称。明成祖认为汉族跟其他民族只要是在大明王朝统治范围下，都是一家人。“控四夷制天下”这个民族大家庭的家长就是明成祖，四夷必须听从中央政权的调度，对于统治范围之外的民族则是要求他们称臣纳贡，形成特殊的藩属体系。在处理建州女真，归附明朝的蒙古族，以及藏族地区，明成祖都是采取这种民族关系思想。二、“北伐—南征”的思想。纵观朱明王朝，首先它的建立就是推翻了北方少数民族蒙古族的蒙元政权，朱元璋派徐达（1332-1385年）北伐夺取大都，使得蒙古族北退漠北，但是还是对明朝的统治构成实际性的威胁，朱棣在洪武三年(1370年)封燕王，洪武十三年（1380年），“之藩北平”，多次参加对北方的战事，深知北元政权对大明王朝的危害，为了保持对少数民族的威慑，使之不敢轻易进犯，即位之后，便着手迁都北平，实行“北伐—南征”民族关系思想，“南征”是为了教训安南欺骗明王朝，保护其藩属国利益，维持明王朝对四夷的威慑安南直接纳入了直接统治范围。“北伐”即是进行五次北征，对北方蒙古族政权进行军事打击。为了保证“北伐—南征”的顺利，还改革军事上、经济上的制度来贯彻这一思想。三、“恩威并施，以夷制夷”的思想。恩威并施，以夷制夷的思想，，被历代封建统治者所采取，明成祖也不例外，来达到分化少数民族、维护明王朝统治的目的。明成祖在北伐漠北的时候就是成功利用少数民族部落之间的世仇跟利益冲突，使瓦剌和鞑靼两部长期牵制，增加蒙古族内部的消耗，达到防止蒙古族部落联合威胁明朝统治。在西南少数民族地区，藏族由于信仰宗教，宗教领袖有着重要作用，继续继承明太祖朱元璋的“多封众建”政策，利用宗教上层力量对藏区进行有效管理。明成祖朱棣还采取继承和完善土司制度，取得很好的效果，巩固明王朝对西南地区的统治。 明成祖的民族关系思想总的来说对于维护整个明朝的统治是有重大意义的，不仅有着承上启下的作用，而且他制定的一系列民族政策对明朝后期的统治者以及满清政权都有着重要的影响。
[Abstract]:The Ming Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the long history of China. During the period of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, in the face of complicated national relations, there were various ways to deal with them, so Ming Chengzu's thoughts on ethnic relations were also very rich. His thought on ethnic relations had an important influence on the handling of ethnic relations in the whole Ming Dynasty, and at the same time, his thought on ethnic relations also absorbed the experience and lessons of the previous dynasties and Chinese culture. Generally speaking, the thought of ethnic relations of Ming Chengzu can be summarized as follows: first, the thought of "Huayi one family" and "controlling the four barbarians in the world". "Hua" refers to the Han nationality claiming to be "Hua" in the Central Plains, while "Yi", originally referring to the people of the East, was later extended to the ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality. Ming Chengzu believed that the Han and other nationalities were family as long as they were under the rule of the Daming dynasty. The parents of the national family of "controlling the four barbarians" are the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty. Siyi must obey the control of the central regime, and for the nationalities outside the scope of the rule, they are required to bow to tributary and form a special vassal system. In dealing with the Nu Zhen of Jianzhou, the Mongols attached to the Ming Dynasty, and the Tibetan region, the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty adopted this idea of national relations. Second, the thought of "Northern Expedition to the South". Throughout the Zhu Ming dynasty, the first thing it established was the overthrow of the Mongol regime of the northern minority nationalities, and Xu Da (1332-1385) of the Zhu Yuanzhang faction seized most of the Northern Expedition, making the Mongols retreat north to the north of the desert. However, it is still a practical threat to the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di, in three years of Hongwu (1370), Wang Yan, Hongwu 13 years (1380), "Fan Peiping", participated in many wars against the north, and fully understood the harm of the Northern Yuan regime to the Daming Dynasty. In order to maintain a deterrent to the minority nationalities so that they did not dare to attack easily, they set about moving their capital, Peiping, to implement the idea of "Northern Expedition to the South", which was designed to teach Annan to deceive the Ming Dynasty and protect the interests of his subordinate states. Maintaining the Ming Dynasty's deterrent to the four Yi Annan directly into the scope of direct rule. The Northern Expedition was five northern expeditions to strike the northern Mongol regime. In order to ensure the "Northern Expedition to the South" smooth, but also to reform the military, economic system to carry out this idea. Third, the idea of "giving kindness together to eliminate the barbarians". The idea of unraveling the Yi was adopted by the feudal rulers of the past dynasties, and the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty were no exception, to achieve the purpose of dividing the minority nationalities and maintaining the rule of the Ming Dynasty. During the Northern Expedition, Ming Chengzu succeeded in using the feuds and conflicts of interest between the ethnic tribes, so that the Vala and Tatarstan were kept under control for a long time, thus increasing the consumption within the Mongols, thus preventing the Mongolian tribes from jointly threatening the Ming Dynasty rule. In the minority areas of southwest China, Tibetan religious leaders play an important role because of their belief in religion. They continue to carry on the policy of "multi-party building" proposed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and make use of the upper religious forces to effectively manage the Tibetan areas. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, also adopted the Tusi system and achieved good results in consolidating the rule of the Ming Dynasty over the southwest. In general, the thought of national relations of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty is of great significance to the maintenance of the rule of the whole Ming Dynasty, and not only has the function of connecting the preceding and the following. And a series of national policies made by him had an important influence on the rulers of the late Ming Dynasty and the Manchu regime.
【学位授予单位】：烟台大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;D691.72
本文编号：2245333
[Abstract]:The Ming Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the long history of China. During the period of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, in the face of complicated national relations, there were various ways to deal with them, so Ming Chengzu's thoughts on ethnic relations were also very rich. His thought on ethnic relations had an important influence on the handling of ethnic relations in the whole Ming Dynasty, and at the same time, his thought on ethnic relations also absorbed the experience and lessons of the previous dynasties and Chinese culture. Generally speaking, the thought of ethnic relations of Ming Chengzu can be summarized as follows: first, the thought of "Huayi one family" and "controlling the four barbarians in the world". "Hua" refers to the Han nationality claiming to be "Hua" in the Central Plains, while "Yi", originally referring to the people of the East, was later extended to the ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality. Ming Chengzu believed that the Han and other nationalities were family as long as they were under the rule of the Daming dynasty. The parents of the national family of "controlling the four barbarians" are the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty. Siyi must obey the control of the central regime, and for the nationalities outside the scope of the rule, they are required to bow to tributary and form a special vassal system. In dealing with the Nu Zhen of Jianzhou, the Mongols attached to the Ming Dynasty, and the Tibetan region, the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty adopted this idea of national relations. Second, the thought of "Northern Expedition to the South". Throughout the Zhu Ming dynasty, the first thing it established was the overthrow of the Mongol regime of the northern minority nationalities, and Xu Da (1332-1385) of the Zhu Yuanzhang faction seized most of the Northern Expedition, making the Mongols retreat north to the north of the desert. However, it is still a practical threat to the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di, in three years of Hongwu (1370), Wang Yan, Hongwu 13 years (1380), "Fan Peiping", participated in many wars against the north, and fully understood the harm of the Northern Yuan regime to the Daming Dynasty. In order to maintain a deterrent to the minority nationalities so that they did not dare to attack easily, they set about moving their capital, Peiping, to implement the idea of "Northern Expedition to the South", which was designed to teach Annan to deceive the Ming Dynasty and protect the interests of his subordinate states. Maintaining the Ming Dynasty's deterrent to the four Yi Annan directly into the scope of direct rule. The Northern Expedition was five northern expeditions to strike the northern Mongol regime. In order to ensure the "Northern Expedition to the South" smooth, but also to reform the military, economic system to carry out this idea. Third, the idea of "giving kindness together to eliminate the barbarians". The idea of unraveling the Yi was adopted by the feudal rulers of the past dynasties, and the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty were no exception, to achieve the purpose of dividing the minority nationalities and maintaining the rule of the Ming Dynasty. During the Northern Expedition, Ming Chengzu succeeded in using the feuds and conflicts of interest between the ethnic tribes, so that the Vala and Tatarstan were kept under control for a long time, thus increasing the consumption within the Mongols, thus preventing the Mongolian tribes from jointly threatening the Ming Dynasty rule. In the minority areas of southwest China, Tibetan religious leaders play an important role because of their belief in religion. They continue to carry on the policy of "multi-party building" proposed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and make use of the upper religious forces to effectively manage the Tibetan areas. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, also adopted the Tusi system and achieved good results in consolidating the rule of the Ming Dynasty over the southwest. In general, the thought of national relations of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty is of great significance to the maintenance of the rule of the whole Ming Dynasty, and not only has the function of connecting the preceding and the following. And a series of national policies made by him had an important influence on the rulers of the late Ming Dynasty and the Manchu regime.
【学位授予单位】：烟台大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;D691.72
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