金代提刑使与按察使群体研究

发布时间：2018-10-24 15:44

【摘要】：监察制度是确保国家机器正常运转,维护封建统治秩序的重要保证。因而监察系统一直备受历代王朝统治者的重视。女真族在建立金朝后,其监察制度在继承宋制的基础上进行了符合其自身特点的发展与创新,并对后世的元、明两代的监察制度产生了较大的影响。在地方监察上,金代设有提刑司与按察司做为其在地方一级的监察机构,提刑司与按察司的设立,对金代的政治、经济、文化乃至社会生活等方面都产生了深远的影响。本文立足前辈学者的研究之上,从提刑司、按察司的主要任职人员入手,就提刑使、提刑副使、按察使、按察副使的职官沿革、籍贯与仕履进行研究,以求对金代这一职官群体的全貌有所了解。本文除绪论和结语外,共分三章:第一章金代提刑司、按察司的设置及演变。金朝前期,并没有地方一级的监察机构,监察仅靠御史台派遣监察御史廉察或密访地方官的政绩,大定二十九年(1189年)章宗即位,同年六月,设立提刑司,主要职责是考核官吏、举贤荐能、上奏不法。承安四年(1199年),改提刑司为按察司,职官设置大体相同,最大的不同体现在职能上,改革后的按察司不再兼采访举荐廉能的职责,工作主职转向审查刑狱。第二章金代提刑使、提刑副使的籍贯与仕履。爬梳古籍及碑刻资料,共查阅金代提刑使13人,提刑副使6人,通过其籍贯及入仕途径的分析,可知金代提刑使、提刑副使籍贯的分布呈现出不均衡的状态,在燕云、齐鲁、河东等地理位置优越、文化底蕴深厚、经济发达的地区分布较多。其入仕途径可分为两类,一类是科举考试入仕,主要以汉族提刑使、提刑副使为主;另一类是非科举考试入仕,如军功入仕、荫补入仕、世袭入仕等,主要以女真提刑使、提刑副使为主。无论是女真族还是汉族提刑使、提刑副使,入仕后多任职地方,从事一些具体的事务性工作,如主簿、县丞等。如其在任上表现突出或无较大过失,基本上会得到升迁。金代提刑使、提刑副使转出官多以地方官为主,多以各府知事、诸军节度使为主;若转为中央官的多担任御史中丞或六部尚书,即便是在任上因为过错被降职的提刑使、提刑副使也转到地方担任诸州刺史,由此可见在金代提刑使、提刑副使如在任上无重大过错,一般会得到较好的去处。第三章金代按察使、按察副使的籍贯与仕履。金代有史可考的按察使、按察副使共39人,其中按察使19人,按察副使20人。籍贯分布大体与提刑司时期相同;入仕途径则表现出较大不同,无论是女真族还是汉族按察使、按察副使,其入仕途径基本上都是科举考试,仅有移剌益、黄捆九住两人是以荫补入仕,徒单铭1人是以世袭入仕。按察使、按察副使多以平级或低一级的官吏迁入,且必需要有从事实职官员的历练或是基层工作经验,工作能力突出,在任上成绩显著者。金代按察使、按察副使的转出官职多以地方官为主,虽然从官品上看,多为平级调动,但转出官多为诸路转运使、节度使,可以充分发挥其在按察使(副)任上的工作经验,更好地为金朝政府的地方管理与统治服务。总之,金代提刑司、按察司作为金代监察体制的重要一环,为金代加强中央集权,稳定地方统治,为金代政治环境稳定提供了重要保障。
[Abstract]:The supervision system is an important guarantee for ensuring the normal operation of the state machine and maintaining the feudal ruling order. Therefore, the supervision system has been paid more attention to the rulers of the dynasties of the past dynasties. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the female true family has carried out the development and innovation that accords with its own characteristics on the basis of inheriting the Song system, and has a great influence on the supervision system of the later generations and Ming and Ming dynasties. In the local supervision, the Jin Dynasty provided the Criminal Investigation Division and the Inspection Division as its supervisory body at the local level, the establishment of the Criminal Investigation Division and the Supervision Division, which had a far-reaching impact on the political, economic, cultural and social life of the Jin Dynasty. In this paper, based on the research of the predecessor scholars, starting with the Criminal Investigation Division, according to the main service personnel of the Division, the author makes a study on the punishment and punishment, and makes a study on the functions of the officer, the place of origin and the shoes in order to gain an understanding of the whole picture of the officer of Jin Dynasty. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into three chapters: the first chapter, Jin Dynasty Criminal Division, the setting and evolution of the inspection division. In the early period of Jin Dynasty, there was no supervisory organization at the local level, and the supervision of the government only sent supervisory officials from the Imperial Court to supervise or visit the local officials. In June of the same year, the Special Administrative Committee established the Criminal Investigation Division, whose main duties were to examine the facts and to raise the talents and conduct illegal actions. During the four-year (1199) years, the Criminal Division of the People's Republic of China has been appointed by the Supervision Division and the Vocational Officer, and the largest difference is reflected in the functions. After the reform, the Inspection Division no longer serves as an interview with the functions of high-quality performance, and the main office of the work shifts to the examination and punishment prison. The second chapter is to mention the punishment of Jin Dynasty to make the place of origin and shoes of the deputy to the punishment. According to the analysis of the place of origin and the way of entry, the author can see that the distribution of the origin is unbalanced, and it is superior in Yan Yun, Qilu, Hedong and so on. The cultural background is profound and the economically developed regions have more distribution. It can be divided into two categories: one is the imperial examinations, and the principal is the punishment of the Han nationality, and the other is the non-imperial examinations, such as the military work, the shadow compensation and the admission, and so on, mainly with the punishment of the women, and the deputy to the punishment. Whether the women's family or the Han nationality carries out the punishment, mention the punishment pair, enter the post of the post office, engage in some specific transactional work, such as the main book, county magistrate, etc. They will be promoted basically as they show prominent or no greater faults on either side. For the purpose of the punishment of Jin Dynasty, the Deputy Minister of the People's Republic of China sent out more local officials to give priority to the local officials; if he was transferred to the Central Officer, he was the commander of the Imperial Court or the sixth Shangshu, even if he was responsible for the punishment caused by the fault, he also transferred to the place to act as a state-taker of the state. It can be seen that in the Jin Dynasty the punishment made it impossible for the punishment pair to make no major fault in any way, and there will be a better place to go. In the third chapter, Jin Dynasty according to the inspection, according to the place of origin and the shoes of the deputy. Jindai had a history of examination, and according to the deputy, 39 people, among them 19 were examined, and 20 were brought together by observation. The place of origin distribution is generally the same as the time period of the People's Republic of China; the number of times of admission is relatively different, whether the female or the Han nationality according to the inspection, according to the deputy, the way of admission is basically the imperial examination, only have the Yi, the yellow bundle nine lives two people are in the shade to fill in, Acts 1: 1 is to be used as an official. "According to the inspection, it is necessary to move the people who are at the level or at the lower level according to the inspection assistant, and will need to have experience in practice or grass-root working experience in real-level officials, and have outstanding work ability, and have outstanding achievements in any work." In the Jin Dynasty, according to the inspection officer, the number of officials transferred out of the official position is mainly based on the local official, although it is seen from the official standard, more is level-level movement, but the transfer of the official to the various routes makes it possible to give full play to its working experience on the basis of inspection (vice), Better to manage and govern the government's local governance and rule. In short, Jin Dynasty's Criminal Division, as an important link of the supervision system of the Jin Dynasty, has provided an important guarantee for the stability of the political environment of Jin Dynasty for the purpose of strengthening the local rule and stabilizing local rule for the Jin Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K246.4

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