从考古学看中国古代从封国到帝国的转变

发布时间：2019-04-19 00:48

【摘要】：对秦文化的考古学研究表明,秦文化的社会基本组织,西周时期表现为以秦文化为主的以血缘关系维系的聚族而居、聚族而葬;春秋中晚期以后,出现了秦文化与不同文化传统和来源的人群居住在同一个聚落共同体的现象;到战国晚期,不同来源的人群共同居住在同一个聚落共同体中并埋入同一墓地,遂已成为一种由地缘关系维系的地缘组织。秦文化中处于统治集团的人群,从春秋时期开始,就已经打破了原有的血缘关系的束缚,出现了凭借个人的行为或能力而进入的特殊人群,开启了从以宗法制度为基础的血缘统治向以地缘关系为基础的地缘统治转变的进程。到战国晚期以至于秦统一后,进入统治集团的大部分成员已经不是通过血缘关系,而是通过个人能力而获得这样的权力,从而使血缘统治向地缘统治的转变进程趋近完成。而维系社会基本组织成员间的关系由血缘到地缘的转化,以及进入统治集团的途径从世袭到选贤的变化,则是中国古代国家制度从封国向帝国转变过程中的两个重要方面。
[Abstract]:The archeological study of Qin culture shows that the basic social organization of Qin culture in the period of the Western Zhou Dynasty is mainly the Qin culture which is inhabited by the clans maintained by the blood relationship and buried together with the ethnic groups. After the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, there was the phenomenon that Qin culture lived in the same settlement community with people from different cultural traditions and sources. By the late warring States period, people from different sources lived together in the same settlement community and buried in the same cemetery, which had become a geographical organization maintained by geographical relations. From the Spring and Autumn period, the people in the ruling group in the Qin culture have broken the bondage of the original consanguinity, and there have been special groups of people who have entered by virtue of their actions or abilities. It starts the transition from lineage rule based on patriarchal system to geographical rule based on geographical relationship. By the late warring States period, even after the unification of Qin Dynasty, most of the members of the ruling group had gained such power not by blood, but by their personal abilities, so that the process of the transformation from consanguinity to geographical domination was almost completed. The transformation of the relationship between the members of the basic social organizations from blood to geography, and the change in the way of entering the ruling group from hereditary to selecting sages are two important aspects in the process of the transformation of ancient Chinese state system from feudal state to empire.
【作者单位】：吉林大学边疆考古研究中心
【基金】：国家社会科学基金资助项目"秦文化的考古学研究"(00BKG001)
【分类号】：K207

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