清代官员终养制度研究

发布时间：2019-05-10 22:14

【摘要】：终养制度是一种离职回籍奉养父母的制度。所谓终养,就是古代官员对父母、祖父母以及继母等亲属养老问题的一种安排。其渊源可以追溯到西晋,在唐宋时期逐步完善,在元明时期走向成熟,最终在清代发展到了极致,并成为有清一代重要的人事行政制度。百善孝为先,在清代以孝治天下的基本国策下,终养制度作为体现孝治的具体表现,为清代的历任统治者所重视,成为其践行孝治、维护王朝统治的重要手段。清廷通过给予终养官员以优待,并制订了相关法律来管理终养官员,以此来保证终养制度的顺利推行。清代终养制度大致可以分为三种类型,汉官终养、满官终养以及武职终养,三种终养类型各有特色,互为补充,来保证整个官僚集团的正常运行。清代官员的终养制度有其独有的特色,通过对终养制度的整体研究可以看出,清代的历任统治者非常重视此制度的运行,通过以身作则,教化臣民,使尊老养老的观念蔚然成风,终养制度体现了儒家孝道观念,促进了儒家孝文化的传播,这对当时的社会产生了深远的影响。首先,终养制度使清王朝践行了以孝治天下的政治纲领,维护了王朝的统治;其次,它宣传了孝道,使官员明白为官应该以孝为先,提高了官员的道德修养,有利于官僚队伍的建设;再次,它净化了社会风气,提高了老年人地位,使“老有所养”的观念深入人心。但是终养制度也有其固有的缺陷,它束缚了民众的思想,压抑了人性,在一定程度上限制了国家机构的改革。总之,终养制度作为有清一代重要的制度,它所宣扬的孝道观念非常值得当代社会传承和借鉴的,我们应该汲取其精华,剔除其糟粕,这对于今天现代文明建设有着极大的启示意义。
[Abstract]:The final care system is a kind of system of leaving home to support parents. The so-called end-care is an arrangement for ancient officials to provide for the aged of relatives such as parents, grandparents and stepmothers. Its origin can be traced back to the Western Jin Dynasty, gradually improved in the Tang and Song dynasties, matured in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, finally developed to the extreme in the Qing Dynasty, and became an important personnel administrative system of the Qing Dynasty. Under the basic state policy of filial piety in Qing Dynasty, the system of final care, as the concrete expression of filial piety, was attached importance to by the rulers of Qing Dynasty and became an important means for them to practice filial piety and maintain the rule of dynasty. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the final maintenance system, the Qing court gave preferential treatment to the final maintenance officials and enacted relevant laws to manage the final maintenance officials. The final maintenance system of Qing Dynasty can be roughly divided into three types: the Han official final support, the Manchu official final support and the military post final support. The three final support types have their own characteristics and complement each other to ensure the normal operation of the whole bureaucratic group. The final maintenance system of officials in the Qing Dynasty has its unique characteristics. Through the overall study of the system, it can be seen that successive rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the operation of the system, and taught their subjects by leading by example. The idea of respecting the elderly and providing for the aged has become popular, and the final maintenance system has embodied the Confucian concept of filial piety and promoted the spread of the Confucian filial piety culture, which had a far-reaching impact on the society at that time. First of all, the system of upbringing made the Qing Dynasty practice the political program of ruling the world with filial piety and maintain the rule of the dynasty. Secondly, it propagandizes filial piety, makes officials understand that filial piety should be the first, improves the moral accomplishment of officials, and is conducive to the construction of bureaucrats. Third, it purifies the social atmosphere, improves the status of the elderly, and makes the concept of "security for the elderly" deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. But the final maintenance system also has its inherent defects, it fetters the people's thought, oppresses the human nature, and limits the reform of the state institutions to a certain extent. In a word, as an important system of the Qing Dynasty, the concept of filial piety advocated by the final maintenance system is very worthy of inheriting and drawing lessons from contemporary society, and we should absorb its essence and eliminate its dross. This is of great significance to the construction of modern civilization today.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249

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