中国古代文化中的身体观念及其发展
发布时间：2019-06-22 20:50
【摘要】：应该说,身体问题是在世的每个人所绕不开的最切己的基本问题之一。尽管对于身体的理解与观照存在着差异性,但是人的存在必须包括身体的存在,甚至身体的存在具有优先性,这已经基本上是人之共识与通理。从意识层面看,这种对于身体的理解、认知与观照就是身体观念。个体的身体观念自然难以把捉,但是一个群体的身体观念却可以通过溯源这个群体的文化传统与精神脉络去了解。本文主要是从中国古代文化的角度,以儒、道、释三家为主导性文化系统,在三家的话语系统内提炼出某些相对而言比较重要的身体观念,及其外化的身体形态范畴,从历时的跨度中去梳理身体观念、身体形态的发生及其嬗变的内在线索与规律。就文章结构而言,本文主要由绪论、四章正文、结语等六个部分构成。 绪论部分,主要是说明身体转向之所以凸显的西学知识背景,并对以往的中国身体观念的研究情况进行了历史性的回顾与整体性述评,同时对于本文的“身体观念”及其相关的基本概念范畴作了必要的厘定与说明。 第一章,主要探讨先秦时期的身体观念的基本特点,并提炼出对以后身体观念产生较大影响的概念范畴。从某种意义看,《周易》所开创的“天人合一”路数与象数思维模式,是中国身体观念的深层结构与理论基础。这个时期,儒家的身体形态主要是德性身体和礼仪身体；尽管荀子从“性恶”论的角度,提出对法家的韩非子影响深远的刑罚身体,但是这并不是儒家的主导性身体形态。道家的老庄的身体观念主要是以“道”观身,即便庄子提出气化身体,但是气化身体是依据“道”的内在规定性而展开的外在形态。墨子以及杂家的身体观念,综合性地吸收了儒家的德性身体与法家的刑罚身体,并无自身独特的理论品格,难以可持续性发展。 第二章,主要论述两汉至魏晋的身体观念的推进过程。董仲舒将“天人合一”转换为“天人感应”,儒家的德性身体观念继续发展；王充吸纳了道家的气化身体,并对“天”进行祛魅,这是对儒家身体观念的某种偏移；儒家的礼仪身体由于内在的紧张而演变为礼教身体。这个时期是道家身体思想趋于繁盛的时期,一方面,以道观身、以气观身的思想观念继续发展,但是对于精、气、神的身体结构的基本知识已经初步形成；另一方面,道家演变为道教,从理论变为信仰,初步建立神仙谱系,并将象数思维运用于身体的修炼实践,当然主要以外丹术为主。佛教开始传入中国,译经者采取以道释佛的方式,经常将佛身解读为神仙,同时,就灵魂的有无问题,外来的佛教与本土的儒、道的身体观念发生了碰撞。 第三章,主要考察唐宋时期的身体观念的发展过程。宋代的理学,吸收了佛教的思辨精神,以及道家的“气”学知识,一方面,对于德性身体、礼仪身体、礼教身体加以继承；另一方面,把“天”理解为理性的天,并以之规定人的欲望,呈现出的身体形态就是理教身体,这是对德性身体的理性误读与较大转换。道教对于人体的丹田、脉络和腑脏的知识掌握更为完备,建立了成熟的内丹学的身体修炼模式。禅宗开始关注个体的身体构成形态问题,而不仅仅是佛的法身问题,同时,从自性的角度出发,他们认为个体也有法身。 第四章,主要梳理明清时期的身体观念的下移过程。阳明心学融摄了禅学精神,突出了个体性维度,扭转了理学的理教身体,重新诠释德性身体；阳明后学悬置了“天”的维度,直接把个体转化为个体的身体及其欲望。道教吸纳了佛、儒的心性知识,主张性命双修,但是内丹的阴阳双修技术滑向个体的欲望狂欢。佛教提倡禅净双修的身体修炼方式,更为世俗与便捷,认为个体自身即可证得自性法身、自性净土。 结语部分,对于儒释道的身体观念的相同性与差异性进行了概括与反思,并从三种思想进路概括了儒、释、道身体观念的异同及其原因,同时,对中西身体观念的思维范式进行了初步比较与学理反思。
[Abstract]:It should be said that the problem of the body is one of the most cutting-cutting basic problems that everyone in the world can't open. Although there is a difference between the understanding and the observation of the body, the existence of the human body must include the existence of the body, and even the existence of the body has the priority, which is basically the consensus and the general sense of the human body. From the level of consciousness, this understanding of the body, the cognition and the reflection are the body concept. The body concept of an individual is naturally difficult to capture, but the body concept of a group can be understood by tracing the cultural tradition and the spiritual context of the group. This paper is mainly from the angle of the ancient Chinese culture, taking Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism as the leading culture system. In the three discourse systems, some relatively important physical concepts and their external forms of body form are extracted, and the concept of the body is sorted out from the long-lasting span. The occurrence of body form and its intrinsic clues and rules. In terms of the structure of the article, this paper is mainly composed of the introduction, the text of the four chapters, the conclusion and so on. The introduction part mainly explains the background of the western knowledge which the body turns out, and has made a historical review and the whole of the past research of the Chinese body concept. The paper reviews the "the concept of the body" and its related basic concepts in this paper. The first chapter mainly discusses the basic characteristics of the physical concept in the pre-Qin period, and makes an outline of the great influence on the future body concept. In a sense, the number of "unity of man and man" and the number of thought patterns created by
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K22;G122
[Abstract]:It should be said that the problem of the body is one of the most cutting-cutting basic problems that everyone in the world can't open. Although there is a difference between the understanding and the observation of the body, the existence of the human body must include the existence of the body, and even the existence of the body has the priority, which is basically the consensus and the general sense of the human body. From the level of consciousness, this understanding of the body, the cognition and the reflection are the body concept. The body concept of an individual is naturally difficult to capture, but the body concept of a group can be understood by tracing the cultural tradition and the spiritual context of the group. This paper is mainly from the angle of the ancient Chinese culture, taking Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism as the leading culture system. In the three discourse systems, some relatively important physical concepts and their external forms of body form are extracted, and the concept of the body is sorted out from the long-lasting span. The occurrence of body form and its intrinsic clues and rules. In terms of the structure of the article, this paper is mainly composed of the introduction, the text of the four chapters, the conclusion and so on. The introduction part mainly explains the background of the western knowledge which the body turns out, and has made a historical review and the whole of the past research of the Chinese body concept. The paper reviews the "the concept of the body" and its related basic concepts in this paper. The first chapter mainly discusses the basic characteristics of the physical concept in the pre-Qin period, and makes an outline of the great influence on the future body concept. In a sense, the number of "unity of man and man" and the number of thought patterns created by
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K22;G122
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 杨寒松;《黄帝内经》阴阳思想的哲学源流及其理论的内涵与特点[D];北京中医药大学;2014年
2 陈璐f，
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