宋代膏油研究

发布时间：2019-06-26 20:21

【摘要】：宋代膏油种类分为动物膏油、植物膏油和矿物膏油三大类。宋代动物类膏油又分为哺乳类动物油、鸟类动物油和鱼类动物油。哺乳类动物油种类多且哺乳类动物含油量高,鸟类动物油种类少且鸟类动物含油量低。动物油价值高,多用于食用和入药,因气味较腥和宗教因素在照明领域并不多见。宋代植物类膏油分为草本类植物油和木本类植物油。草本类植物油多于木本类植物油,大多可食用。木本类植物油大多不可食而用于制造等领域。宋代矿物类膏油主要是石油。石油又称脂水、石脂、石漆、石液、石烛或泥油,外国进供来的石油称为猛火油。宋代膏油呈现出一定的地域分布:动物类膏油中,猪膏分布在全国;牛油和马油因牛马作为畜力价值高及相关政策影响,并未成为常用油,难以形成地域分布;羊、驼和熊适合在北方生存,羊脂、驼脂和熊脂也主要分布在北方地区;南方和海边多水,适合鱼类生存,因而鱼油主要分布在南方和海边地区。由于宋代技术进步,宋人已掌握了舂捣法、水代法、压榨法和磨法四种膏油制作技术,其中压榨技术在宋代基本定型。宋代膏油的制作分为官方和民间两类。官方制油主要是满足宫廷和皇室使用,不进行市场交易。宫廷制油由自全国招募而来的油匠负责,这些油匠隶属于油醋库。宋代宫廷制油材料储存在受纳脂麻库,膏油的分配则由内物料库、外物料库和作坊物料库负责。民间制油历经采购收集油料、制作和销售三个阶段在油坊或油作中完成,也有地处偏远地区交通不便者,独自制油以自给自足的。宋代膏油的制作和销售尚未分离,膏油的销售仍然由制作者完成。宋代售油分流动的挑担贩卖和固定的专营油铺。宋代膏油价格受多种因素影响而上下波动,但与前代相较,价格整体偏低。宋代膏油广泛运用于社会生活、经济、军事、医疗和司法领域。在宋人的社会生活中,膏油被广泛运用于烹饪。膏油可油煎、油爆、油炸、油炒和凉拌调味;膏油具有照明功能,动物、植物和矿物三大类膏油都可用于照明,因膏油数量及膏油燃烧释放的烟量和气味有别,故根据膏油的优劣,宋代不同阶层使用膏油的情况呈现出一定的等级差异,可供不同阶层用于照明;膏油具有驱杀蚊虫的功能,可驱杀生产生活中的害虫;膏油具有润滑防锈的功能,可减少金属制品之间的摩擦力,也可防止金属制品遭受腐蚀;膏油还具有防水防潮的功能,可用于制作雨具、船的侺灰和瓦等。以膏油制成的油纸在医疗中用于保存药物,在制香行业中有助于锁住香气。在经济领域,膏油在宋代是征税对象之一,作为“本俸”之外的俸禄“添给”发放给官员。在军事方面,宋代膏油被用于军事照明和火攻防守。宋人利用膏油具备的极大的破坏性,在水战中经常采取的以膏油助燃的火攻战法;而防守作战中,膏油被用在燕尾炬、火车和猛火油柜等武器当中。宋代膏油也被用于造船,为遏制金国的造船业发展,南宋严格限制桐油渡淮渡海贸易。在医疗保养方面,宋代膏油可驱虫治病、消毒、治疗喉风、润发护肤与调和药物。在司法方面,宋代膏油制成的油布油伞用于验尸首次出现在历史舞台上。宋代膏油出现了三个方面的特点:一是膏油种类增多,二是膏油产量和等级差异大,三是使用范围扩大。膏油给宋人的生活带来了诸多影响,改善了宋人的生产生活,促进了宋代经济的发展,推动了宋代文化的繁荣,扩充了宋代的军事力量,发挥了节能环保的作用,尤其是宋代膏油种类增多和使用范围扩大为元明清时期膏油的发展奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:The types of paste oil in the Song Dynasty are divided into three categories: animal paste oil, plant paste oil and mineral paste oil. The animal oil in the Song Dynasty is divided into the animal oil of the mammal, the animal oil of the bird and the animal oil of the fish. In that mammal, the oil content of the mammal is high, the oil content of the bird is small, and the oil content of the bird is low. The animal oil has high value and is used for eating and taking medicine, and is rare in the field of illumination due to the fishy smell and the religious factors. The plant-based oil in the Song Dynasty is divided into herbal vegetable oil and woody vegetable oil. Herb vegetable oil is more than that of woody vegetable oil, most of which is edible. The vegetable oil of the woody plant is mostly non-edible and is used in the field of manufacture and the like. The mineral oil in the Song Dynasty is mainly oil. Oil is also known as fat water, stone grease, stone paint, stone liquid, stone candle or mud oil, and the oil from foreign oil supply is called a fire oil. The paste oil in the Song Dynasty has a certain geographical distribution: in the animal paste oil, the pig paste is distributed throughout the country; the cattle oil and the horse oil are not used as the common oil because of the high value of the animal and the related policy, so that the geographical distribution is difficult to form; and the sheep, the alpaca and the bear are suitable for the survival of the north and the sheep fat, Camel and bear fat are also mainly distributed in the northern area; the south and the sea are more water, and are suitable for the survival of fish, so that the fish oil is mainly distributed in the south and the coastal area. Due to the technological progress in the Song Dynasty, the Song people have mastered four kinds of paste oil making technology, such as the smash method, the water hammer, the press method and the grinding method, in which the press technology is basically shaped in the Song Dynasty. The production of the paste oil in the Song Dynasty is divided into two categories: the official and the folk. The official oil production mainly meets the use of the court and the royal family, and does not carry out the market transaction. The royal oil is the responsibility of the oil-maker, who has been recruited from the country, which is part of the oil-and-vinegar pool. In the Song Dynasty, the oil-making material in the court of the Song Dynasty was stored in the container of the received grease, and the distribution of the paste oil was the responsibility of the inner material warehouse, the outer material warehouse and the workshop material warehouse. The production and sale of oil-made oil has been carried out through the procurement and collection of oil, production and sales. It is also located in the oil-house or oil-making process, and it is also located in remote areas. The oil-making oil is self-sufficient. The production and sales of the paste oil in the Song Dynasty have not been separated, and the sales of the paste oil are still completed by the producer. The selling and fixing of oil and oil in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the price of the oil in the Song Dynasty was affected by various factors, and the price of the oil in the Song Dynasty was lower than that of the previous generation. The paste oil in the Song Dynasty is widely used in the fields of social life, economy, military affairs, medical treatment and the administration of justice. In the social life of the Song people, the paste oil is widely used in cooking. The paste oil can be used for frying, frying, frying, frying with oil, and flavoring; and the paste oil has the functions of lighting, and the animal, the plant and the mineral three kinds of paste oil can be used for illumination, and the amount of the paste oil and the amount of smoke and the odor of the paste oil combustion release are different, and therefore, according to the advantages and disadvantages of the paste oil, The application of the paste oil in different strata in the Song Dynasty shows a certain level difference, and can be used for illumination by different layers; the paste oil has the function of driving and killing the mosquitoes, and can be used for killing the pests in the production life; and the paste oil has the function of lubricating and anti-rust, so that the friction force between the metal products can be reduced, But also can prevent the metal product from being corroded, and the paste oil also has the function of water-proof and moisture-proof, and can be used for manufacturing the rain gear, the ash and the tile of the ship, and the like. The oil paper prepared from the paste oil is used for storing the medicine in the medical treatment, and can help to lock the fragrance in the fragrance-making industry. In the economic field, the paste oil is one of the tax objects in the Song Dynasty, which is distributed to the official as the "add" 's "the civil service". In the military aspect, the oil of the Song Dynasty is used for military lighting and fire attack defense. In the war, the oil is used in such weapons as the tail torch, the train and the fire-fighting oil tank. In the Song Dynasty, the oil of the Song Dynasty was also used in the shipbuilding, and in order to contain the development of the shipbuilding industry of the Jin State, the Southern Song Dynasty strictly limited Tongan oil-crossing and cross-sea trade. In the aspect of medical care, the paste oil in the Song Dynasty can be used for expelling and treating diseases, sterilizing, treating the throat, moistening the skin and regulating the medicine. In the aspect of the administration of justice, the oil-cloth umbrella made of the paste oil of the Song Dynasty is used for the first time of the post-mortem examination on the historical stage. In the Song Dynasty, there are three aspects of the paste oil in the Song Dynasty: the first is the increase of the type of the paste oil, the second is the difference between the yield and the grade of the paste oil, and the third is the expansion of the use range. The paste oil has a lot of influence on the life of the Song people, and the production and the life of the Song people are improved, the economic development of the Song Dynasty is promoted, the prosperity of the culture in the Song Dynasty is promoted, the military force of the Song Dynasty is expanded, the energy-saving and environment-friendly effect is exerted, In particular, that increase and use range of the paste oil in the Song Dynasty lay the foundation for the development of the paste oil in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K244

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