Environmental Fate of Cyhalofop Butyl and Profurite Aminium

发布时间：2023-02-18 14:43

　　

【文章页数】：127 页

【学位级别】：博士

【文章目录】：
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATION
COPYRIGHT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
英文摘要
1 INTRODUCTION
2 UTERATURE REVIEW
    2.1 Pesticide in the environment
    2.2 Pesticide use in rice fields
    2.3 Movement of pesticide pollutants/contaminants in paddy soil
    2.4 Fate of Pesticides in the soil
    2.5 Pesticides and beneficial microbes in soil
    2.6 The herbicide Clincher
    2.7 Profurite aminium, a nereistoxin insecticide
        2.7.1 Nereistoxin toxicity
    2.8 Health hazards associated with pesticide use
    2.9 Biochemical response of fish to pesticide exposure
        2.9.1 Glutathione S-transferases （GST）
        2.9.2 Acetylcholinesterase （AchE）
        2.9.3 Liver esterases
        2.9.4 Cytochrome P450 enzymes-The MFOs
    2.10 Biochemical responses as biomarkers in ecotoxicology
    2.11 Pesticide Genotoxidty
        2.11.1 Use of Unscheduled DNA （UDS） in ecotoxicology
        2.11.2 DNA methylation
3 GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS
    3.1 Chemicals
    3.2 Biochemical and Genotoxic Tests
        3.2.1 Fish Species and rearing
        3.2.2 The Ireatments
        3.2.3 Experimental protocol for enzyme tests
    3.3 The Dissipation study
        3.3.1 The ecosystem model
        3.3.2 Pesticide treatments
        3.3.3 Sampling
        3.3.4 Sample processing
4 DISSIPATION OF PROFURITE AMINIUM IN THE PADDY SOIL, WATER AND RICE SEEDLINGS
    4.1 Materials and Method
        4.1.1 Chemicals
        4.1.2 Sample Pre-treatment, extraction and Analysis
            4.1.2.1 Water
            4.1.2.2 Soil
            4.1.2.3 Rice straw
        4.1.3 Instrumentation
        4.1.4 Quantification
    4.2 Results and Discussion
        4.2.1 Distribution of Profurite-aminium
        4.2.2 Disappearance of Profurite-aminium from the paddy ecosystem
5 DISSIPATION OF CLINCHER IN THE PADDY FIELD ECOSYSTEM
    5.1 Material and Methods
        5.1.1 Sample Extraction, cleanup and analysis
            5.1.1.1 Water
            5.1.1.2 Soft and rice straw
        5.1.2 Instrumentation
        5.1.3 Quantification of residues
    5.2 Results and Discussion
        5.2.1 Degradation of cyhalofop butyl in water （mg/L）
        5.2.2 Degradation of cyhalofop butyl in soil
        5.2.3 Degradation of cyhalofop butyl in rice straw
        5.2.4 Disappearance of cyhalofop butyl （XDE-537） and the metabolites from the paddy ecosystem
        5.2.5 Herbicide-insecticide interaction and its effects on degradation of individual pesticide
6 GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN TOPMOUTH GUDGEON （Pseudorasbora parva） AND GOLDFISH （Carassius auratus） EXPOSED TO CUNCHER AND PROFURITE AMINIUM
    6.1. Materials and Methods
        6.1.1 Test chemicals
        6.1.2 Liver Homogenate preparation
        6.1.3 GST activity determination
        6.1.4 Results and discussion
7 RESPONSE OF LIVER ESTERASE TO EXPOSURE OF TOPMOUTH GUDGEON （Psuedorasbora Parva） AND GOLDFISH （Carassius auratus） TO CLINCHER100EC AND PROFURITE AMINIUM
    7.1 Materials and Methods
        7.1.1 Chemicals
            7.1.1.2 Liver homogenate Preparation
            7.1.1.3 Esterase activity determination
    7.2 Results and discussion
8 EFFECTS OF CLINCHER 100EC AND PROFURITE AMINIUM （78%SP） ON ACETYLCHOUNESTERASE ACTIVITY OF TOPMOUTH （Pseudorasbora parva） GUDGEON AND GOLDFISH （Carassius auratus）
    8.1. Materials and Methods
        8.1.1 Chemicals
        8.1.2 Homogenate preparation
        8.1.3 Acetylcholinesterase activity determination
    8.2 Results and discussion
9 RESPONSE OF MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES OF GOLDFISH （Carassius auratus） AND TOPMOUTH GUDGEON （Pseudorasbora parva） FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO CLINCHER 100EC AND PROFURiTE AMINIUM （78%SP）
    9.1 Metedals and methods
        9.1.1 Chemicals
        9.1.2 Microsomal preparation
        9.1.3 EROD Assay
            9.1.3.1 Measurement of EROD Activity
        9.1.4 Aldrin epoxidase determination by Chromatography
            9.1.4.1 Aldrin epoxidese assay by GC
    9.2 Results and discussion
10 DNA STRAND DAMAGE FOR TOPMOUTH GUDGEON （Pseudorasbora parva） EXPOSED TO CUNCHER AND PROFURITE AMINlUM
    10.1 Experimental protocol
        10.1.1 Fish introduction and rearing
        10.1.2 DNA extraction
        10.1.3 Determination of DNA Strand breakage
        10.1.4 Calculation of strand breaks
    10.2 Results and discussion
11 EFFECT OF CLINCHER AND PROFURITE AMINIUM ON UNSCHEDULED DNA SYNTHESIS IN TOPMOUTH GUDGEON （Pseudorasbore parva）
    11.1 Experimental protocol
        11.1.1 Ftsh introduction and rearing
        11.1.2 Injection of radio-labeled thymidine ribonucleotJde
        11.1.3 DNA extraction
        11.1.4 Scintillation counting
    11.2 Results and discussion
12 EFFECT OF CLINCHER AND PROFURITE AMINIUM ON DNA METHYLATION IN TOPMOUTH GUDGEON （Pseudorasbora pan/a）
    12.1 Experimental protocol
        12.1.1 Fish rearing
        12.1.3 Methylation determination:
            12.1.3.1 HPLC operating condjitions
            12.1.3.2 DNA treatment
    12.2 Results and discussion
13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE CITED



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