生物炭、过磷酸盐和碳纳米管对污染土壤中重金属铅、铜的钝化效果研究：可移动性和生物有效性
发布时间：2023-06-15 20:49
近年来,土壤重金属污染已经成为一个全球性环境问题。在中国,土壤重金属污染日益严重,重金属污染土壤的点位超标率已达16.1%。农田土壤铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)污染可能通过食物链转移而对环境和健康形成严重的危险。研究利用有机和无机材料治理土壤污染已经取得较大进展。在本研究中,通过室内培养实验和盆栽实验,研究了稻草及其制得生物炭、过磷酸钙、多壁碳纳米管、热解的和非热解的蓖麻残体对重金属铅/铜污染土壤的钝化效果;重点考察了钝化剂对植物生长、植物对金属的吸收、土壤溶液的金属浓度、他们分布在不同的形态比例、金属浸提特性、金属生物有效性以及金属流动性等方面的影响。研究结果可以为重金属铅/铜污染土壤钝化固定修复提供科学依据和技术指导。首先,研究了稻草(RS)及其衍生生物炭(BC)、多层碳纳米管(MWCNT)和过磷酸钙(SSP)钝化固定铅和铜复合污染土壤的效果,通过BCR顺序提取、毒性特征沥滤方法(TCLP)、单一试剂提取(Ca Cl2)和简单生物有效性提取(SBET)等技术来评价几种材料的有效性。BCR顺序提取结果表明:随着BC和SSP用量的增加,弱酸溶解态重金属(铅和铜)含量降低而可氧化态和残渣态重金...
【文章页数】：179 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
ABSTRACT
摘要
1 CHAPTER I BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.1 Environmental Pollutants
1.1.1 Heavy metals pollution in China
1.1.1.1 Lead pollution in soil
1.1.1.1.1 Forms and chemistry of Pb in soil
1.1.1.1.2 Lead effect on plants
1.1.1.2 Copper pollution in soil
1.1.1.2.1 Cu toxicities to human health
1.1.1.2.2 Effect of copper on plants growth
1.1.2 Remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated soils
1.1.2.1 Immobilization Technique
1.1.2.1.1 Biochar
1.1.2.1.1.1 Effect of biochar on the immobilization of heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.2 Mechanism of interaction between biochar and heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.3 Potential effect of biochar on metals bioavailability
1.1.2.1.2 Phosphate induced heavy metals immobilization
1.1.2.1.2.1 Reactions of phosphate compounds in soils
1.1.2.1.2.2 Phosphate-induced metal adsorption
1.1.2.1.2.3 Pb mechanism in P amended soils
1.1.2.1.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
1.1.2.1.3.1 Adsorption properties of CNT
1.1.2.1.3.2 Adsorption affinity of different heavy metal ions on CNT
1.2 Aims of Study
2 CHAPTER II
2.1 SOIL PROPERTIES
2.1.1 Sequential extraction of BCR
2.1.2 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
2.1.3 Simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET)
2.1.4 CaCl2 single extraction
3 CHAPTER III IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN POLLUTED SOIL BY SUPER PHOSPHATE, MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE, RICE STRAW AND ITS DERIVED BIOCHAR
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1 Soil characterization
3.2.2 Amendments
3.2.3 Incubation Experiment
3.2.3.1 Statistical analysis
3.3 RESULTS
3.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and EC
3.3.2 Amendments effect on BCR fractions of Pb and Cu
3.3.3 Amendments effect on TCLP-extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.4 Amendments effect on CaCl2- extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.5 Amendments effect on Pb bioaccessibility
3.4 DISCUSSION
3.5 CONCLUSION
4 CHAPTER IV ADSORPTION OF LEAD AND COPPER BY BIOCHAR AND SOIL AMENDED WITH BIOCHAR FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1 Soil and biochar characterization
4.2.2 Characterization of soil and biochar
4.2.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
4.2.2.2 Fourier transformission infrared spectrometer (FTIR)
4.2.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.2.3 Incubation experiments
4.2.4 Adsorption experiment
4.2.5 Zeta Potential determination
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1 Effect of p H on adsorption of Pb and Cu
4.3.2 Adsorption isotherm of Pb and Cu
4.3.3 Effect on zeta potential
4.3.4 Characterization of the biochars
4.4 CONCLUSION
5 CHAPTER V EFFECT OF CARBONACEOUS AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION, SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OF LEAD AND COPPER OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) AND CONTINUOUS TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1 Soil characterization
5.2.2 Amendments
5.2.3 Crops
5.2.4 Greenhouse experiment
5.2.4.1 Analytical methods for plant enzymatic activities
5.2.4.2 Pb and Cu determination in plant
5.2.5 Soil chemical analysis
5.2.5.1 Statistical Analysis
5.3 RESULTS
5.3.1 Influence of amendments on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu
5.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leachability
5.3.3 Amendments effect on plants protein and chlorophyll contents
5.3.4 Amendments effect on tomato antioxidant enzymes activities
5.4 DISCUSSION
5.4.1 Impact of amendments on p H of soil, distribution and TCLP-extracable Pb and Cu in soil
5.4.2 Influences of amendments on biomass, antioxidant enzymatic activities anduptake of Pb and Cu by rapeseed and tomato
5.5 CONCLUSION
6 CHAPTER VI IMPACT OF INTEGRATED USE OF BIOCHAR, MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY FOR BRASSICA NAPUS (L.) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
6.2.1 Soil characterization
6.2.2 Amendments
6.2.3 Incubation experiment
6.2.4 Plant growth experiment
6.3 RESULTS
6.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu in soil
6.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leaching
6.3.3 Effect of amendments on phytoavailability of Pb and Cu in rapeseed
6.3.4 Amendments effects on total dry biomass, soluble protein and chlorophyllcontents
6.4 DISCUSSION
6.4.1 Impact of carbonaceous amendments on Pb and Cu distribution and uptakeby plants
6.4.2 Impact of integrated use of phosphate and carbonaceous amendments on Pband Cu distributions and uptake by plants
6.5 CONCLUSION
7 CHAPTER VII INFLUENCE OF PYROLYTIC AND NON-PYROLYTIC RICE AND CASTOR STRAWS ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.2.1 Soil characterization
7.2.2 Biochar for soil amendment
7.2.3 Incubation experiment
7.2.3.1 p H-CaCl2 and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
7.2.3.2 Sequential extraction of BCR
7.2.3.3 Statistical analysis
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H
7.3.2 Fractionation of lead and copper
7.3.3 TCLP- extractable lead and copper
7.4 CONCLUSION
8 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS, NOVELTIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
8.1 General summarizing results
8.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
本文编号：3833646
【文章页数】：179 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
ABSTRACT
摘要
1 CHAPTER I BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.1 Environmental Pollutants
1.1.1 Heavy metals pollution in China
1.1.1.1 Lead pollution in soil
1.1.1.1.1 Forms and chemistry of Pb in soil
1.1.1.1.2 Lead effect on plants
1.1.1.2 Copper pollution in soil
1.1.1.2.1 Cu toxicities to human health
1.1.1.2.2 Effect of copper on plants growth
1.1.2 Remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated soils
1.1.2.1 Immobilization Technique
1.1.2.1.1 Biochar
1.1.2.1.1.1 Effect of biochar on the immobilization of heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.2 Mechanism of interaction between biochar and heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.3 Potential effect of biochar on metals bioavailability
1.1.2.1.2 Phosphate induced heavy metals immobilization
1.1.2.1.2.1 Reactions of phosphate compounds in soils
1.1.2.1.2.2 Phosphate-induced metal adsorption
1.1.2.1.2.3 Pb mechanism in P amended soils
1.1.2.1.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
1.1.2.1.3.1 Adsorption properties of CNT
1.1.2.1.3.2 Adsorption affinity of different heavy metal ions on CNT
1.2 Aims of Study
2 CHAPTER II
2.1 SOIL PROPERTIES
2.1.1 Sequential extraction of BCR
2.1.2 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
2.1.3 Simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET)
2.1.4 CaCl2 single extraction
3 CHAPTER III IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN POLLUTED SOIL BY SUPER PHOSPHATE, MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE, RICE STRAW AND ITS DERIVED BIOCHAR
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1 Soil characterization
3.2.2 Amendments
3.2.3 Incubation Experiment
3.2.3.1 Statistical analysis
3.3 RESULTS
3.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and EC
3.3.2 Amendments effect on BCR fractions of Pb and Cu
3.3.3 Amendments effect on TCLP-extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.4 Amendments effect on CaCl2- extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.5 Amendments effect on Pb bioaccessibility
3.4 DISCUSSION
3.5 CONCLUSION
4 CHAPTER IV ADSORPTION OF LEAD AND COPPER BY BIOCHAR AND SOIL AMENDED WITH BIOCHAR FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1 Soil and biochar characterization
4.2.2 Characterization of soil and biochar
4.2.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
4.2.2.2 Fourier transformission infrared spectrometer (FTIR)
4.2.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.2.3 Incubation experiments
4.2.4 Adsorption experiment
4.2.5 Zeta Potential determination
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1 Effect of p H on adsorption of Pb and Cu
4.3.2 Adsorption isotherm of Pb and Cu
4.3.3 Effect on zeta potential
4.3.4 Characterization of the biochars
4.4 CONCLUSION
5 CHAPTER V EFFECT OF CARBONACEOUS AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION, SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OF LEAD AND COPPER OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) AND CONTINUOUS TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1 Soil characterization
5.2.2 Amendments
5.2.3 Crops
5.2.4 Greenhouse experiment
5.2.4.1 Analytical methods for plant enzymatic activities
5.2.4.2 Pb and Cu determination in plant
5.2.5 Soil chemical analysis
5.2.5.1 Statistical Analysis
5.3 RESULTS
5.3.1 Influence of amendments on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu
5.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leachability
5.3.3 Amendments effect on plants protein and chlorophyll contents
5.3.4 Amendments effect on tomato antioxidant enzymes activities
5.4 DISCUSSION
5.4.1 Impact of amendments on p H of soil, distribution and TCLP-extracable Pb and Cu in soil
5.4.2 Influences of amendments on biomass, antioxidant enzymatic activities anduptake of Pb and Cu by rapeseed and tomato
5.5 CONCLUSION
6 CHAPTER VI IMPACT OF INTEGRATED USE OF BIOCHAR, MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY FOR BRASSICA NAPUS (L.) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
6.2.1 Soil characterization
6.2.2 Amendments
6.2.3 Incubation experiment
6.2.4 Plant growth experiment
6.3 RESULTS
6.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu in soil
6.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leaching
6.3.3 Effect of amendments on phytoavailability of Pb and Cu in rapeseed
6.3.4 Amendments effects on total dry biomass, soluble protein and chlorophyllcontents
6.4 DISCUSSION
6.4.1 Impact of carbonaceous amendments on Pb and Cu distribution and uptakeby plants
6.4.2 Impact of integrated use of phosphate and carbonaceous amendments on Pband Cu distributions and uptake by plants
6.5 CONCLUSION
7 CHAPTER VII INFLUENCE OF PYROLYTIC AND NON-PYROLYTIC RICE AND CASTOR STRAWS ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.2.1 Soil characterization
7.2.2 Biochar for soil amendment
7.2.3 Incubation experiment
7.2.3.1 p H-CaCl2 and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
7.2.3.2 Sequential extraction of BCR
7.2.3.3 Statistical analysis
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H
7.3.2 Fractionation of lead and copper
7.3.3 TCLP- extractable lead and copper
7.4 CONCLUSION
8 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS, NOVELTIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
8.1 General summarizing results
8.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
本文编号：3833646
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