新公共管理是传统公共行政的一种彻底崩溃吗?
1.An investigation of New Public Management reform for its change and continuity with post-war Traditional Public Administration paradigms in the UK新公共管理体制改革与战后传统公共行政范式的变迁与连续性研究
When we consider traditional public administration, collectivism and welfare policies force us to think about the role of the state and its guarantee of welfare services for all. But in the new public management model, it is the individualistic and competitive ethos which dominates the paradigm, for its quasi- market mechanism as well as for its customer choice making principles (Clarke et al., 2007, pp2-3). From the Thatcher period, making decisions from the choice of the welfare state ideology of former public administration discourse or from the goal of achieving the improvement of efficiency of government has become an issue facing the government. Since Thatcher’s governance, a new public management paradigm has been introduced into the research of public administration. The difference between new public management and traditional public administration also needs us to deliberate today in order to find the best method of public administration. Through the research process, this essay will identify the different doctrines of these two paradigms and attempt to find the answer to the question about what has been changed by public management reform and what has not been changed. It will also evaluate which transformations are valuable and which changes are questionable. How has the state organisation of public service provision been changed? Has the regulation framework been abandoned with market introduction? How have questions about democracy been influenced by reforms? This essay will investigate these questions at the same time and also address the principal-agent accountability issue for the new relationships between different actors in the decentralized governance of new public management. To be precise, the old public administration model referred to in this essay is the context of the post-war British welfare state period, while the new public management doctrine created by the Thatcher Conservative governments since 1979 can be extrapolated to the late 1990s before the election of New Labour in 1997. But New Labour’s similar representation of new public management stratagems may also be included in this analysis, although its intentions for government and language may be different (Massey &Pyper, 2005, pp8-9).
It should be clarified from the beginning what the definition of public administration is and what these two theoretical streams are. Firstly, from the state perspective, public administration is necessarily involved in assisting and promoting national sovereignty by dealing with the routine policy implementation, government financial transactions and internal order maintenance (Lynn, 2006, p20). Its performance parallels with the rules of constitutional (unwritten or written) democracy in building and consolidating the formation of civil society. In Britain, the development of modern public administration did not emerge until the late nineteenth century (Ibid, p21). The development of traditional public administration in the post-war period of UK is manifested by discourse about the welfare state. It emphasized a high level of state control and command in order to promise distribution of collective goods for all. It was a one-way top-down authority policy implementation and bureaucracy of service delivery following rigorous procedures. In comparison, new public management since Thatcher’s recession in 1979 was a change of public services towards management and efficiency of service provision (Lynn, 2006, p24).
Bibliography (selected)注解
Barlow, J and Rober, M. (1996). Steering not rowing: coordination and control in the management of public services in Britain and Germany.
2. Essay Question: How have accounting/financial management techniques been adapted to control or report on partnership working between the public sector organisations and those in the private/voluntary sector in (your choice of country, region or sector)? How do these techniques appear to have influenced the development and operation of these public-private partnerships? Have these effects been beneficial or detrimental to the delivery of public services? What evidence is available and how do you draw a conclusion on these matters?2.作文问题:如何具备会计/财务管理技术被用于控制或在公共部门组织之间的伙伴关系工作的报告中(您选择的国家,地区或部门)的私人/志愿部门?如何这些技术似乎已经影响了这些公共 - 私营伙伴关系的发展和运作?有这些效果是有益或有害于公共服务的交付?有什么证据可以和你如何借鉴这些问题的结论呢?
Although it is inevitable to have omissions of some uncertainties, majority of uncertainties can be measured and predicted by defined risks through accounting and finance techniques (Broadbent, Gill & Laughlin, 2008, p41). The accounting data analysis and financing system for calculating costs and benefits in terms of value for money in project approval is the basic risk measurement process of Private Financial Initiative. It focuses on the outcomes of the project's financing base following the government required and defined service specifications in the contracting. However, there is also inevitability of neglect in the prediction for certain uncertainties and risks because of their collisions with the approved existing accounting methodologies. In the Scholar Broadbent, Gill and Laughlin's research article analyzing the risk measurement and related problems within the Private Financial Initiative (PFI) system in the British National Health Service, they found out the complexity, dynamicsand some problems of this accounting system and process. Following their studies, in this essay, I will evaluate the accounting and financial techniques used in decision makings of Private Financial Initiative capital projects to analyse their effect to the public program and service outcomes. The actual performance and financing results can be both good and bad.
Bibliography注解
Baldock, J., Manning, N. &Vickerstaff, SA. (Ed.). (2009). Social Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. Essay Question: Are monopoly always bad and what are the policy solutions for dealing with natural monopolies?作文问题:是否垄断总是不好的,,什么是处理自然垄断的政策解决方案?
Economics is used to explain, interpret and translate principles in order to serve and facilitate the industrial production of society and social well-being. Therefore, the efficiency manifest of the whole market resource allocation and the utility of the use of a certain economic product from the consumer’s perspective both construct the economic benefit (Stiglitz, J.E., 2000, pp57-67). For both of those, the price of the firms’ products in the market is a predominant criterion. It manifests a firm’s advantage or disadvantage in the process of benign market competition, as well as for evaluating the whole market’s competitive situation within a certain industry. It is described in economics terms as whether it is within “perfect competition” as no one firm in the market could set price hurdles or make price dominant to influence other participators (Ibid, pp77-78). Whether the price setting of a firm’s product is too high to guarantee the customer’s benefit in concern with its quality level and its position in the whole market will certainly be taken into consideration by the consumer.
Bibliography注解
journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?
Becker, G.S. (1998) The Unnatural Death of Natural Monopoly.
4. History历史
Bibliography注解
Bailkin, Jordanna., 2006.The Boot and the Spleen: When Was Murder Possible in British India? Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol.48, no.2, pp462-493
5. Assessment of strategic management and its adaptation to public sector---- An Investigation of strategic management issues facing NHS and the strengths and difficulties in its applied practice战略管理并使其适用于公共部门----的NHS面临的战略管理问题的调查研究,并在其应用实践中的优势和困难的评估
Introduction 介绍
Bibliography注解
Baggot, R. (1997). Evaluating Health Care Reform: the case of the NHS Internal Market. Public Administration, 75 (2), 283-306
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