全球城市或普通城市：墨尔本作为一个案例研究

发布时间：2016-05-04 14:53

1.0 Introduction介绍

自20世纪60年代以来，随着新的国际分工的逐步形成，跨国公司的增长和信息和通讯技术的革命性进步，全球化进程大大加快。经济全球化对城市发展有着重要的影响，使城市在全球经济中扮演着越来越重要的角色。一批具有世界性的城市与超国家的影响和全球经济的指挥和控制的出现，如：纽约、伦敦、东京的作用等。学者如Sassen（1991）研究了这些城市，，提出了有关全球城市理论。在全球城市的研究中，鲁滨孙作为代表指出，全球城市理论忽视了区域性问题，它强调集体性的城市，这远远超过城市品质的研究，忽略了对原来的历史背景差异的研究，在城市的地理位置和文化系统，他提出和普通城市理论，它不同于“全球城市”理论。这2种理论对城市政治、发展、城市之间的关系有着不同的解释。本文将以这2种不同的理论为基础，分析墨尔本市城市政治、管理、规划的特点。Since the 1960s, with the gradual formation of a new international division of labor, growth of multinational corporations and revolutionary advances in the information and communication technologies, the process of globalization accelerates greatly. Economic globalization has a significant impact on urban development, so that cities play an increasingly important role in the global economy. A number of cosmopolitan cities with supranational influential and the roles of command and control in the global economy emerge, such as: New York, London, Tokyo and so on. Scholars such as Sassen (1991) studied on these cities and proposed theory relating to global cities. In the study of global cities, Robinson as the representative pointed out that the theory of global cities neglects locality issues, it emphasizes communality of cities, which far exceeds the research on urban qualities and ignores research on differences in the originally historical backgrounds, geographical locations and cultural systems among the cities, he went to propose and the theory of ordinary city, which is different from the “global city” theory. The two kinds of theories have different interpretation on urban politics, development, relationship between cities. This essay will be based on these two kinds of different theories to analyze the characteristics of urban politics, management, planning of Melbourne.

2.0 Theoretical framework理论框架

2.1 The “global city” theory
Sassen’s (1996) “global city” theory believes that the key driver of global cities’ development in the world economy lies in their concentrated excellent infrastructure and services, so that they have the ability to control the world. Sassen also conducted a lot of empirical analysis on New York, London, Tokyo, noting that three major cities are truly global cities. They are in the top of the pyramid of the world's urban system, constituting a clear new urban form - global cities. These three cities control the operation of the world's global economic system.
Sassen (1991) considered that a global city is the site which is able to provide multinational corporations with a good service and communication facilities for the global economy operations and management, multinational headquarters gather there. A global city has the following four basic characteristics. Firstly, it is the highly centralized control center of the world economy. Secondly, it should be the main site of financial and special services industries. Thirdly, it should be production site leading industries. Fourthly, it should be a market for products and innovation. 
Sassen (1996; 1991) carried out a systematic study on producer services complex of global city, considering that finance and production service sectors have become the new important factors that determine whether a city has strong competitive strength in the global economy. Taylor, Catalano and Gane (2002) also noted that development of service function of a global city will further grow up because of the rapid growth of global trade and investment as well as strong demand for financial and service industries. 

Sassen (1999) analyzed that globalization of economic activity has greatly increased the complexity of business transactions, along with the concentration of the most advanced communications technologies in these cities, enterprise command and control functions also agglomerate in these cities. Motive power of formation of a global city comes from the combination of two powerful economic forces, first is that manufacturing-based economic activities continued to spread in the world, second is that the control of such production activities continue to concentrate in big cities (Friedmann and Wolff, 1982). In the increasingly fierce international competition, in order to pursue the ongoing competitiveness, each country must uses a large amount of internal investment to provide the best environment and facilities to investors to improve its competitive advantage (Keil, 1998).

2.2 The “ordinary city” approach
2.3 Similarities
2.4 Differences
3.0 Melbourne and global city
4.0 Melbourne and ordinary city

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