怎样区分定语从句，同位语从句，宾语从句，状语从句

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　从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。
　　1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
　　2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。
　　3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
　　第一部分
　　一：时态
　　1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。
　　2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。
　　3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。
　　二：宾语从句的连接词
　　①从属连词
　　连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.
　　例句：
　　He told that he would go to the college the next year
　　他告诉我他下一年上大学.
　　I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
　　我不知道是否还会有公交车.
　　Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
　　没人知道他是否会通过考试.
　　②连接代词
　　连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
　　连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
　　例句：
　　Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
　　你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?
　　I don’t know whom you should depend on.
　　我不知道你该依靠谁.
　　The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
　　这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
　　Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
　　你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
　　③连接副词
　　连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
　　例句：
　　He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
　　他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
　　Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
　　你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
　　None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
　　没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
　　三：动词的宾语从句
　　大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
　　We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
　　我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.
　　He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
　　他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.
　　★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
　　例句：
　　I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
　　我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
　　Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
　　你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
　　★动词短语也可以带宾语从句
　　常见的这些词有:
　　make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
　　例句：
　　Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
　　在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
　　四：可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
　　①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
　　例句：
　　I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
　　我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
　　I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
　　我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
　　I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
　　我每天写日记成了习惯.
　　We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
　　我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
　　②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
　　这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
　　例句：
　　I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
　　我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
　　He will have it that our plan is really practical.
　　他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
　　We take it that you will agree with us.
　　我们认为你会同意我们的.
　　When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
　　开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
　　③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
　　例句：
　　We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
　　我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
　　We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
　　我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
　　五：介词的宾语从句
　　用wh-类的介词宾语从句
　　例句：
　　We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
　　我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
　　The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
　　这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
　　★用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
　　例句：
　　I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
　　对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
　　六：形容词的宾语从句
　　常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
　　例句：
　　I am sure I will pass the exam.
　　我确信我会通过考试.
　　I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
　　很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
　　He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
　　他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
　　七：if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
　　①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
　　②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
　　③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
　　④在不定式前只能用whether.
　　如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
　　⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
　　八：哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
　　1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
　　2.当宾语从句较长时;
　　3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;
　　4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;
　　5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;
　　6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;
　　7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;
　　8.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;
　　9.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;
　　10.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;
　　11.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
　　九：宾语从句的否定转移
　　主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
　　例句：
　　I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
　　我认为他不会来我的舞会.
　　I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
　　我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
　　★如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
　　例句：
　　We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
　　我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
　　十：宾语从句的时态和语序
　　当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
　　当主句为过去时的时候
　　①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
　　例句：
　　I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
　　我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
　　He asked me if I was reading the story “The Old Man and the Sea ”when he was in.
　　他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<老人与海>.
　　②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
　　例句：
　　He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
　　他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.
　　③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
　　例句：
　　The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
　　记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
　　★如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
　　例句：
　　The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
　　老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.
　　★当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
　　例句：
　　Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
　　你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
　　第二部分
　　一. 定义：　
　　宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。
　　二. 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。
　　连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
　　1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
　　2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换。
　　3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
　　★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他
　　判断时态情况：
　　1.主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况
　　2.主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时
　　例题：
　　〈1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.
　　A. was B. is C. were D. are
　　〈2. I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.
　　A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
　　〈3. I don’t know＿＿＿＿ to visit the old man.
　　A. whether B. if C. that D. who
　　〈4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.
　　A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
　　答4：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as…“把…用作…
　　宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；
　　Tell him which class you are in ．
　　Do you know what he likes？
　　(1)主、从句时态一致：
　　主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时；
　　He answered that he was listening to me.
　　主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需；
　　He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
　　They know (that) he is working hard.
　　具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时；
　　He told me that he was born in 1980.
　　Father told me that practice makes perfect .
　　（2）否定前移，及完成反意问句；
　　在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
　　I don't think you are right ,are you ?
　　I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
　　（3）在表示建议 suggest , advise
　　要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；
　　决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist;
　　等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
　　eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
　　He ordered that we should go out at once．
　　（4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置
　　eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．
　　（5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略
　　A．当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。
　　eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?鄄ter．
　　B．当it作形式宾语时
　　eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
　　C．当宾语从句前置时
　　eg．That our team will win，I believe．
　　三.分类
　　A 作动词的宾语:
　　I 主语　heard 谓语动词　the news.名词作宾语
　　I主语　heard 谓语动词　that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句
　　B 作介词的宾语:
　　He主语　said 谓语动词　nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语
　　四.带有宾语从句的复合句的构成:
　　　带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
　　
　　五.注意：　
　　A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
　　False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
　　Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
　　B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
　　Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible.
　　Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.　
　　Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
　　Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
　　C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
　　Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
　　Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
　　D　False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
　　Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
　　4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。
　　5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。
　　①引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.
　　例句：
　　The dog that/which was lost has been found.　（失踪的狗已经找到了。）
　　Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.　（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）
　　There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.　（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）
　　The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.　（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
　　Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.　（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）
　　This is the reason why he refused to help us.　（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）
　　He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.　（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）
　　They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.　（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）
　　② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.
　　The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.　（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。）
　　These are the very points that puzzle me.　（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）
　　Is there anything that bothers you?　（有什么事烦着你吗？）
　　This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.　（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）
　　③as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.
　　例句：
　　Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）
　　The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）
　　As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）
　　We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）
　　④介词+which/whom/whose从句
　　The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）
　　Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）
　　Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）
　　例题：
　　Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.
　　a. where b. that c with which d as soon as
　　⑤代/名+介词+which 从句
　　He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）
　　In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can he turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）
　　To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。）
　　⑥同位语从句和定语从句
　　The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）
　　The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。）
　　⑦ 难句:
　　NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）
　　NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）
　　NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met.
　　NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school.
　　NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.
　　NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair.
　　NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.
　　NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable
　　状语从句（Adverbial Clause）：用作状语的从句叫作状语从句。其关联词是一些从属连词。
　　修饰主句中的动词, 形容词和副词, 通常有从属连词引导, 按其意义和作用可分为时间, 地点, 条件, 原因, 让步, 目的, 结果, 方式, 比较.等
　　分类
　　1. 时间状语从句:
　　1) 常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when）,while， as long as…
　　例句：
　　As you look at yourself in a mirror, you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.
　　It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
　　It was not until…that
　　Not until…did he…
　　Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America.
　　It was not until….
　　When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.
　　I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention.
　　Whenever we have difficulty, he’ll come to help us.
　　2) no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely, barely)…when: 刚做…就….
　　No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.
　　She had scarcely news when she fainted.
　　3) 还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc
　　I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.
　　I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
　　2. 地点状语从句: 一般用where or wherever 引导
　　I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.
　　Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.
　　3. 条件状语从句:真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc
　　I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.
　　I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
　　4. 原因状语从句: 从属连词有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于)
　　As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.
　　Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive.
　　Seeing that they are inexperienced, they are doing quite a good job.
　　5. 让步状语从句:
　　1): even if, though, even though, while(尽管) no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc.
　　He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.
　　Whatever the consequence may be, I will be on your side.
　　However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her.
　　It has been the same result, whichever way you do it.
　　2) 由as 引起的让步从句, 语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首.
　　Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.
　　Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.
　　Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.
　　Object as you may, I will go on with my plan.
　　3) whether…or,不管…或…
　　whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
　　6. 结果状语从句: so that, so…that, such…that
　　He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.
　　She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
　　7. 目的状语从句: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case
　　I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.
　　Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
　　8.方式状语从句
　　方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
　　1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
　　Always do to the others as you would be done by.
　　你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
　　As water is to fish, so air is to man.
　　我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
　　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
　　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
　　2） as if, as though
　　两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
　　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
　　他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
　　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
　　他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
　　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
　　看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
　　说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
　　He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
　　他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
　　He cleared his throat as if to say something.
　　他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
　　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
　　波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
　　9. 比较状语从句:
　　1) as…as, not so/as…as
　　the film was not so exciting as we expected.这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩
　　The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.
　　She likes them almost as much as Paul does.
　　2) 比较级+than, so much/a lot more than
　　She looks much younger than she is.
　　The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.
　　3) no more…than, not more…than, less…than
　　Jack is not more frightened than Mike is. 不像马克那么害怕
　　Tom is no more rich than Black
　　3) the more…the more
　　The farther north you go, the severer the winter is.
　　The more I see of him, the less I like him.
　　同位语从句,这种用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来.
　　下面这个材料供参考.
　　===========================
　　一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
　　I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
　　I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
　　二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
　　I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
　　三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
　　l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
　　He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
　　他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
　　四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
　　Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
　　几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。
　　The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
　　他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
　　五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
　　1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
　　The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
　　（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
　　The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
　　（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，，而不是别的消息。）
　　2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
　　The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
　　计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）
　　The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
　　（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
　　一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形
　　式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
　　1) 非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前
　　Bruce Lee (姓名)
　　李小龙
　　Graf Schmidt (称号，浑名)
　　施密特伯爵
　　Doktor Wang (职称，头衔)
　　王博士
　　Onkel Liu (亲戚的称呼)
　　刘叔叔
　　die Stadt Shanghai (类属名称)
　　上海市
　　die Provinz Hebei (类属名称)
　　河北省
　　das Jahr 2000 (类属名称)
　　2000 年
　　zwei Flasche Wein (度量名称)
　　两瓶酒
　　drei Kilo Tomaten (度量名称)
　　三公斤西红柿
　　die Universitaet Bremen (专有名词)
　　不来梅大学
　　der Film "Der Lachende Man" (专有名词)
　　电影“笑面人”
　　Rechtanwalt Dr. Kluever (专有名词)
　　律师科卢佛博士
　　der Flug Bremen - Frankfurt (专有名词)
　　不来梅到法兰克福的飞机
　　Caesar der Grosse (名词化了的形容词，要放在被限定词后面)
　　凯撒大帝
　　1) 独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前，中间有逗号分开
　　die beiden Universitaeten, Bremen und Hamburg
　　这两所大学，不来梅和汉堡
　　am Montag, dem 6. Dezember
　　十二月六号，星期一
　　die Lehrerin, eine sehr schoene Frau (带修饰成分的名词)
　　……女教师，一位非常漂亮的女教师…
　　Ich habe sie, das schoenste Maedchen in der Schule, getroffen. (代词同位语)
　　我碰到了她，这位全校最漂亮的女孩。
　　注意：
　　1.由wie, als, besonders, naemlich, vor allem引导出的同位语，前面一般有逗号
　　2.做同位语的all-, jed-等可不与被限定词紧挨在一起。
　　3.书面语中的多个独立或非独立同位语。
　　4.同位语与被限定词的格一致，性或数，可一致也可不一致。
　　5.带同位语的名词做第二格定语时，如头衔等，示格词尾应在名词上。
　　6.同位语herr的词尾在两种情况下都要示格。



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回答时间：2010-10-27 17:53:54 回答者：郭老师 [知识堂达人]

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