美与审美观的现代问题

发布时间：2019-01-12 15:36

【摘要】： 人类从原始蒙昧状态发展到物质文明与精神文明都极大丰富的今天，创生了无数美的事物，美的文化。人们都谈论美、知道美、追求美，但是现代人在现代生活中，在“美”这个维度上却存在问题：“美”日渐变得单一、绝对、普遍，，缺少个性的丰富，缺少差异性，美的丰富内涵被削弱，也失落了其真实的意义。其原因在于美学和艺术的理论和生活中的美相互脱离，人们在美的理论中找不到美的要求；中国人所一直接受的片面的审美教育；各色审美文化的冲击和中国人长期以来对感性生命的压制，从而导致美的生命力、活力以及带给人的愉悦、丰富的感觉没有了。本文从对“美”的分析入手，概括了西方和中国追求美的本质的历程和各自的特点，分析中国人用西方的标准去理解“美”，把“美”看作实际存在去审视，在什么意义上能够对“美”有所理解，又在什么意义上不能真实完善的理解“美”，西方的方式，是不是绝对、普遍、标准的模式?从而提出自己对于“美”的真实意义的自我理解。人对于“美”如何理解，他也就如何进行审美。审美何以作为人性丰富与完善的根据，为什么要用“审美”去审视人的发展与完善?原因应该在于审美能够体现人的本质的丰富性，能够使人超越有限并给人以自由。接着，提出审美观是怎么样的，决定了人如何去完善自身，如何去创造生活。人的审美观通过社会的、历史的方式展开——不同时期，不同历史时代，人的本性实现的程度和人性生成的程度要求审美观达到一定的水平，要求具备一定生命力的审美观，审美观与人性的生成与完善辨证同一。在人的依赖性阶段，将人的审美观概括为“崇拜型”的审美观，它所反映的是人们对于自然、对于“天”、“神”及封建等级制度的崇拜，是对人性的压制；在人的独立性阶段，将人的审美观概括为“感受型”的审美观，是一种“物化”的审美观，更多的是人为的、对人为之物的感受。人要对自身的发展有所超越，要向着能够实现人的全面自由发展的“自由个性”阶段迈进，就要形成真正能够满足人性的生成和完善的审美观，也就是文章第三部分所提出的“个性化”的审美观。建构“个性化”审美观的前提就应该是对“人的个性”作真实的理解。接下来就分析建构“个性化”审美观的多元基础及其特征，并对全文做出总结，所建构的新型的审美观将使人真正能够按照“人”的方式去进行审美，有利于建立人与自然、人与人、人与自身本质之间的理想关系，并推动人性的丰富与完善，实现真正“美” 的人性。
[Abstract]:Human beings have developed from primitive obscurity to material civilization and spiritual civilization, creating countless beautiful things and beautiful culture. People talk about beauty, know it, pursue it, but in modern life, there are problems in the dimension of "beauty": beauty is becoming more and more single, absolute, universal, lacking of individuality, lacking of difference, The rich connotation of beauty has been weakened and lost its true meaning. The reason is that the theory of aesthetics and art and the beauty in life are separated from each other, people can not find the request of beauty in the theory of beauty, the one-sided aesthetic education accepted by Chinese people all the time; The impact of various aesthetic cultures and the suppression of perceptual life by the Chinese for a long time have led to the loss of the vitality, pleasure and richness of beauty. Starting with the analysis of "beauty", this paper summarizes the process and characteristics of the pursuit of beauty in the West and China, analyzes the Chinese people's understanding of "beauty" with Western standards, and looks upon "beauty" as a practical existence. In what sense can the "beauty" be understood, and in what sense can the "beauty", the Western way, be understood in an absolute, universal and standard way? In order to put forward their own sense of the true meaning of "beauty" self-understanding. As a person understands beauty, he can also appreciate it. Why is aesthetics the basis for the enrichment and perfection of human nature, and why should "aesthetics" be used to examine the development and perfection of human beings? The reason should be that aesthetics can reflect the richness of human nature, make people beyond the limited and give people freedom. Then, the aesthetic is how to determine how to improve themselves, how to create life. Human aesthetics is spread out in a social, historical way-in different periods, in different historical times, the degree of realization of human nature and the degree of the formation of human nature require aesthetics to reach a certain level and to have a certain vitality of aesthetic standards. Aesthetics is the same as the formation and perfection of human nature. In the stage of people's dependence, the aesthetics of human beings is summed up as the aesthetic of "worship type", which reflects the people's worship of nature, "heaven", "god" and feudal hierarchy system, which is the suppression of human nature. In the stage of human independence, it is a kind of materialized aesthetic idea to generalize the aesthetic perception of human being as "receptive type", and more to the feelings of human beings. People should transcend their own development and move towards the stage of "free personality", which can realize the all-round and free development of human beings. It is necessary to form the aesthetics which can truly satisfy the generation and perfection of human nature, that is, the "individualized" aesthetics proposed in the third part of the article. The premise of constructing individualized aesthetics should be a true understanding of individual character. Then it analyzes the multivariate basis and characteristics of constructing "individualized" aesthetics, and summarizes the full text. The new aesthetic concept constructed will enable people to really follow the "man" way of aesthetic appreciation, and will be conducive to the establishment of man and nature, man and man. The ideal relationship between human nature and human nature, and promote the enrichment and perfection of human nature, realize the true "beauty" of human nature.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：B83

【引证文献】