试论当代叙事学的“不可靠叙述”

发布时间：2018-03-28 00:10

本文选题：叙事学　切入点：不可靠叙述　出处：《重庆大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 叙述的不可靠性,即“不可靠叙述”(unreliable narration),是当代叙事学研究的一个中心议题,几乎欧美叙事学界的重要理论家们都无法避免对这个问题的研究。美国已故著名叙事学家韦恩·布思在其著名的小说理论奠基之作《小说修辞学》(1961)中提出了这一术语。对于韦恩·布思来说,“不可靠叙述”指的是叙述者的叙述对隐含作者规范的偏离,但这个定义后来遭到了詹姆斯·费伦、西蒙·查特曼、雅克比、安斯加·纽宁等人的修正和挑战,也因此发展演变出了关于这个概念的修辞性建构、认知建构等理论。本文在考察各派对“不可靠叙述”的论述,梳理各派的理论的基础上,发现上述诸人的理论仍然有不少的盲点,比如在将叙述者违背隐含作者规范而称为“不可靠叙述”时,默认隐含作者的高尚地位,而笔者认为并没有充足的证据证明隐含作者就是道德或人格的至高者。由于叙述者的参照点显得不够稳固,因此对“不可靠叙述”的界定就差生了盲点;同时,在对“不可靠叙述”的类型的划分中,将“不可靠叙述”的类型推得过于广泛,如费伦将其划分为两个大类(疏离型和亲近型)、十二个亚类,导致了“不可靠叙述”繁琐化和机械化;第三,也正是本文之所以产生的最重要因素,便是各派在研究这个议题时主要集中在探讨“什么是不可靠?”和“不可靠可以分为哪些类型?”这两个维度,而对“不可靠叙述”对于作者、文本和读者有什么样的作用和意义,并没有进行重点研究,而几乎是遵循了布思所论“反讽”和“距离”两个阅读效果,而笔者认为事实上要复杂和丰富得多。在具体结构方面,本文拟综合考察、梳理各派的理论观点,指出了各派理论的不足之处,并提出了在具体分析文本的时候,可以结合认知派和修辞派各重视读者和隐含作者的观点,从而认定一个“叙述”是否可靠。同时,本文拟梳理各派对“不可靠叙述”类型的划分,在综合的基础上研究“不可靠叙述”带给读者的审美感受。本文的主要创新之点即在这里,也是本文的主体部分,既扩展了布思所论述的“反讽”和“距离”效果,增加了“认同效果”、“忒修斯效果”等,同时又以具体的国内小说作品例如《伤逝》、《秦腔》等进行分析,避免了国内对此问题的研究多以国外小说的文本分析为主的倾向。最后,本文拟对四种阅读效果进行理论的总结。
[Abstract]:The unreliability of narration, that is, "unreliable narration", is a central topic in the study of contemporary narratology. Almost all the important theorists in European and American narrative circles can not avoid the study of this problem. Wayne Booth, the late American narratologist, put forward this problem in his famous novel theory, "rhetoric of novels" (1961). Term. For Wayne Booth, "unreliable narration" refers to the narrator's deviation from the implied author's norm. However, the definition was revised and challenged by James Fellen, Simon Chatman, Jacobi, Ansgar Nuning and so on, and developed the rhetorical construction and cognitive construction of the concept. On the basis of reviewing the discourses of "unreliable narration" and combing the theories of the parties, this paper finds that there are still many blind spots in the theories of the above mentioned people, for example, when the narrator is called "unreliable narration" when he disobeys the implied author norm. The author believes that there is insufficient evidence to prove that the implied author is the supreme moral or personality. Because the narrator's reference point is not firm enough, Therefore, the definition of "unreliable narration" has a blind spot; at the same time, in the division of the types of "unreliable narration", the type of "unreliable narrative" is pushed too broadly. For example, Fellen divides it into two major categories (alienated type and closeness type, twelve subclasses), which leads to the "unreliable narration" being complicated and mechanized. Thirdly, it is the most important factor in this paper. That is, when studying this issue, the parties mainly focus on "what is unreliable?" What are the types of "and" unreliable? "these two dimensions, and the role and significance of" unreliable narration "for the author, the text and the reader, are not focused on, but almost follow Booth's two reading effects of" irony "and" distance ". In fact, the author thinks that it is much more complicated and rich. In the aspect of concrete structure, this paper intends to make a comprehensive investigation, combing out the theoretical viewpoints of various schools, pointing out the deficiencies of the theories of various schools, and putting forward the point of view when analyzing the text concretely. Combining the views of the cognitive school and the rhetorical school, we can determine whether a "narrative" is reliable or not. At the same time, this paper intends to sort out the classification of the types of "unreliable narration". On the basis of synthesis, the author studies the aesthetic feeling brought to readers by "unreliable narration". The main innovation of this paper is not only here, but also as the main part of this paper, which not only expands the effect of "irony" and "distance" discussed by Booth. It adds "identity effect", "Theseus effect" and so on, at the same time it analyzes the concrete domestic novel works such as "the dead" and "the Qin cavity", which avoids the tendency of the domestic research on this question to be mainly based on the text analysis of foreign novels. Finally, This paper intends to summarize the four reading effects.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：I054

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