从“处境中的自由”看萨特前期哲学与文学的错位

发布时间：2019-03-12 10:26

【摘要】：萨特不但是法国存在主义哲学的重要代表,还是一位颇具影响的作家,一生中创作了大量的哲学著作、小说及戏剧剧本。作为哲学家的萨特与作为文学家的萨特总是被联系在一起,但将二者加以对比则会发现,在“处境中的自由”这个问题上,萨特前期的哲学思想与文学写作是存在错位的。“人的自由”是萨特哲学的中心议题。萨特从他的存在主义哲学出发,将自由和人的存在紧密联系在一起,指出人的存在就是人的自由。但是,由于萨特真正关心的是人的生存问题,因此他并不满足于将“自由”的论证停留在超验-本体的层面,而是承认了“自由是处于具体处境中的”这一事实。所以,几乎在萨特的所有作品中都能看到自由和处境这两个主题,或者说是同一主题的两个方面:处境中的自由。人是如何在处境中追求自由的,这不仅仅是萨特哲学想要论证的目标,同时,萨特也通过其文学作品探讨了这个问题。在《存在与虚无》中,萨特认为自由的绝对性是在任何处境中都不能被否定的,因为所有处境都是自由选择的结果:自由首先赋予处境以意义,然后将其塑造为具体的处境。可以看到,虽然萨特在《存在与虚无》中对处境中的自由做了大篇幅的论证,但由于对人的存在的描述缺乏历史的维度,他终究未能将其自由观点从本体论层面过渡到现实经验世界。但是当这种自由落实在具体的文学文本中时,它是通过人的具体选择以现实的、历史的方式呈现出来的:萨特文学作品的现实主义倾向使其中的人物总是囿于一个无法回避的具体处境,人的自由受到了各种极限处境的压迫。正是由于以上原因,萨特前期的哲学与文学产生了错位。萨特的自由思想在后期经历了较大的转变,他注意到由于缺乏对行动的具体条件和现实社会环境的认识,绝对自由是无法实现的。但从内在看,这种转变在其文学作品中一直有迹可循,可以说,在某种意义上,萨特正是通过文学介入的方式实践了他的自由观,并在一定程度上纾解了其中的内在矛盾。
[Abstract]:Sartre is not only an important representative of French existentialism philosophy, but also an influential writer. He has written a lot of philosophical works, novels and drama plays in his life. Sartre, as a philosopher, and Sartre, as a writer, are always associated with each other, but by comparing them, it can be found that there is a misalignment between Sartre's early philosophical thoughts and literary writing on the issue of "freedom in a situation". Man's Freedom is the central topic of Sartre's philosophy. From his existentialist philosophy, Sartre closely linked freedom with human being and pointed out that human existence is human freedom. However, because Sartre is really concerned about the problem of human existence, he is not satisfied with putting the argument of "freedom" on the transcendental-ontological level, but concedes the fact that "freedom is in a concrete situation". So, in almost all of Sartre's works, we can see the two themes of freedom and situation, or two aspects of the same subject: freedom in a situation. It is not only the aim of Sartre's philosophy to prove how man pursues freedom in his situation, but also discusses this problem through his literary works. In being and Nothingness, Sartre argues that the absolute nature of freedom cannot be denied in any situation, for all situations are the result of free choice: freedom first gives meaning to the situation and then shapes it into a concrete situation. It can be seen that although Sartre did a great deal of argumentation about freedom in the situation in "being and nothingness", because of the lack of historical dimensions of the description of human existence, After all, he failed to transition his view of freedom from ontological level to the real world of experience. But when this freedom is implemented in concrete literary texts, it is realistic through man's specific choices. The historical way shows: the realistic tendency of Sartre's literary works makes the characters always confined to a specific situation which cannot be avoided, and the freedom of man is oppressed by all kinds of extreme situations. It is because of the above reasons that Sartre's early philosophy and literature have been misplaced. Sartre's idea of freedom has undergone a great change in the later period, and he notes that absolute freedom cannot be realized because of the lack of understanding of the concrete conditions of action and the realistic social environment. But from the internal point of view, this kind of change has always been followed in his literary works. It can be said that, in a certain sense, Sartre practiced his view of freedom through literary intervention, and to a certain extent alleviated the internal contradictions among them.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I01

【参考文献】