《霍华德庄园》中人物焦虑的霍妮式解读

发布时间：2018-04-27 08:28

本文选题：《霍华德庄园》 + E.M.福斯特　；参考：《重庆大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：E. M.福斯特(Edward Morgan Forster，1879－1970)是英国文学史上著名的作家，他同乔伊斯、劳伦斯和伍尔夫一起被称为20世纪英国最伟大的小说家。《霍华德庄园》作为他的代表作之一，自1910年发表以来赢得了广泛的关注。作为一部典型的英国社会小说，《霍华德庄园》揭示了爱德华时代社会的深刻变动给人们生活上所带来的广泛影响，特别是对中产阶级产生的精神上的冲击。本文运用新精神分析学家霍妮的焦虑理论来探讨《霍华德庄园》中主要人物的焦虑，以人物的焦虑心理为切入点，通过运用霍妮的焦虑理论和文本细读的方法，来分析福斯特对爱德华时代人物内心状况的关注和探索。通过对小说中四个人物内心焦虑的表现、焦虑产生的原因、应对焦虑的防御策略以及由此导致的后果，揭示出爱德华时代的文化环境是个体焦虑产生的重要原因，并指出只有通过灵活运用霍妮提出的三种防御策略才能有效地对抗焦虑。该研究是对《霍华德庄园》的一种全新解读，试图为研究福斯特的作品提供一种新的视角。《霍华兹庄园》描述了爱德华时代的英国中产阶级三类人物的焦虑状态，而这种焦虑正是爱德华时代的社会文化环境和个人成长经历共同作用的结果。第一类是代表英国中产阶级上层精神和文化的知识分子施莱格尔姐妹，她们有着良好的文化素养并对人与人之间的割裂状态有着深深的忧虑，她们致力于同其他人建立良好的关系，并帮助别人实现外在世界和内心世界之间的联结。玛格丽特因为无法在喧嚣变动中的伦敦找到一处物质和精神上的家园，而陷入了无助和不安之中；玛格丽特灵活采用了趋众、逆众和离众这三种策略来对抗焦虑情绪，并最终在霍华德庄园实现了自己的联结理想，找到了生活和精神上的平静。海伦一心想要追求理想中的轰轰烈烈的爱情，对现实生活中爱和激情的缺失有着深深的焦虑；她极端地采取趋众或是逆众这两种策略来缓解自己对爱和激情的严重焦虑，最终不仅伤害了周围的人并且导致自己未婚先孕。第二类是英国中产阶级实业家，代表人物是亨利·威尔科克斯。亨利是“社会达尔文主义”的忠实倡导者和实践者，他勤劳能干，精于赚钱，却冷漠虚伪，缺乏感情实和想象力。亨利的焦虑一方面源于对财富、权力和名望的永不知足的追求，另一方面来源于他对情感的极力逃避和抹杀；他通过采取逆众的策略来缓解自己内心的焦虑，却最终发现自己众叛亲离、内心脆弱、不堪一击。第三类人是新兴中产阶级，代表人物是伦纳德。作为自耕农的后代和生活在城市边缘的群体，伦纳德对中产阶级上层羡慕不已，并力图通过学习文化最终跻身到中产阶级上层社会。他对自己的身份有着深深的焦虑；他通过采取离众的方式，试图缓解自己的焦虑，却最终发现自己沦落成了异化者。这三类人都竭力想摆脱自己的焦虑，但是除了玛格丽特之外，其他人的尝试都以失败告终。根据霍妮的焦虑理论，在对抗焦虑的过程中，只有通过灵活运用趋众、逆众和离众这三种策略，才能有效缓解焦虑，实现人际关系的和谐，并最终保持自身人格的独立性和完整性。玛格丽特做到了这一点，最终成功地战胜了自己的焦虑。海伦、亨利和伦纳德则由于固执地选择某种策略来对抗内心的不安，，导致自己的人生陷入了更多的焦虑之中。本论文研究表明，福斯特十分关心爱德华时代中产阶级各个阶层的心理状况。福斯特对爱德华时代人们的焦虑状况有着清醒的认识，他通过对小说主要人物玛格丽特、海伦、亨利和伦纳德焦虑心理机制的刻画，一方面指出爱德华时代的文化环境是导致个体焦虑产生的重要因素，另一方面也试图为焦躁不安的英国中产阶级提出自己的解决方案——那就是只有通过灵活运用抵抗焦虑的三种策略，建立起和谐的人际关系并保持自我人格的独立性和完整性，才能最终有效缓解内心的焦虑。
[Abstract]:Edward Morgan Forster , 1879 - 1970 , is a well - known writer in the history of British literature . He is known as the greatest novelist in the 20th century , along with Joyce , Lawrence and Wolff . As part of his masterpiece , he has won extensive attention since its publication in 1910 . As a typical British social novel , the poet Howard Estate has revealed the profound changes in the society of the Edwardian era to people ' s life , especially in the spirit of the middle class .

This paper tries to explore the anxiety of the main characters in Howard ' s estate by using the anxiety theory of the new psychoanalyst , and analyzes Foster ' s attention and exploration on the inner situation of the characters in the Edwardian era by using the anxiety theory and the method of text reading . The author points out that the culture environment of the Edwardian age is the important reason for individual anxiety .

This anxiety is the result of a common role in the social and cultural environment and personal growth of the Edwardian era . The first is to represent the spiritual and cultural intellectuals of the middle class of Britain . They are committed to establishing good relations with others and helping others to realize the links between the world and the inner world . Margaret is in a helpless and disconcerting manner because it is unable to find a material and spiritual home in London .
Margaret ' s flexible use of the three strategies to fight anxiety , and finally achieved his own ideal in Howard Estate , and found life and spiritual peace . Helen wanted to pursue the ideal of love , deep anxiety about the lack of love and passion in real life ;
The second class is British middle - class industrialist , who is a faithful advocate and practitioner of social Darwinism . He works hard , makes money , but indifference , lack of emotional realism and imagination . Henry ' s anxiety is rooted in the never - contented pursuit of wealth , power and prestige , and on the other hand from his efforts to escape and wipe out his emotions ;
The third category is the emerging middle class , representing Leonard . As the offspring of self - cultivation and the group living on the edge of the city , Leonard is envied by the middle class and seeks to eventually become a middle - class society through learning culture . He has a deep anxiety about his identity ;
He tried to relieve his anxiety by taking off - the - crowd approach , but eventually found himself to fall into alienation . In addition to Margaret , the attempts of others ended in failure . According to Horney ' s theory of anxiety , only through the use of the crowd , the crowd and the crowd of the three strategies can effectively relieve anxiety , achieve harmonious interpersonal relationships , and ultimately maintain the independence and integrity of their personality .

The study shows that Foster is very concerned about the psychological condition of the middle class of the middle class of Edward . Forster has a clear understanding of the anxiety state of the people in the Edwardian era . On the other hand , the author points out that the cultural environment of the Edwardian era is an important factor which leads to the anxiety of the individual . On the other hand , it tries to put forward his solution for the anxious British middle class . That is to establish a harmonious interpersonal relationship and maintain the independence and integrity of the self - personality only through the flexible use of three strategies to resist anxiety , so that the inner anxiety can be effectively alleviated .

【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：I561.074

【参考文献】