《指环王》的生态女性主义解读

发布时间：2018-05-24 18:57

本文选题：托尔金 + 《指环王》　；参考：《河南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：J.R.R.托尔金(1892年--1973年)是英国著名的小说家、诗人、语言学家和语言学家，但他最为人们熟知的身份还是经典魔幻小说《指环王》三部曲的作者。《指环王》的问世掀起了一股魔幻小说热，也让托尔金成为炙手可热的畅销书作家，他亦因此被公认为20世纪最伟大的小说家之一，同时还被选为20世纪最有影响力的英语小说家，与C.S.刘易斯、萨尔曼·拉什迪齐名。《指环王》在出版之初备受文学批评家的质疑，许多批评家认为它们充满着遁世的消极思想，反映出作者对现实世界的逃避态度，还有一些评论家认为它们充满着对中世纪等级制度的迷恋与赞美。即便如此，它在广大读者中却拥有着良好的口碑。2001年，美国大导演彼得·杰克逊将这部小说搬上银幕，电影的上映取得了票房和口碑的双丰收，全球也随之掀起了一股《指环王》热，更多的批评家将目光重新定位在这部小说上，而且大多数批评家给予了托尔金和《指环王》正面的评价。《指环王》共分为上中下三部，第一部叫“护戒联盟”，是关于以霍比特人佛罗多·巴金斯为首的护戒联盟的形成，这支队伍的任务是护送佛罗多到魔多，将万恶的魔戒丢进岩浆中毁掉。护送队伍由一个精灵、一个矮人族、四个霍比特人、一个巫师和两个人组成。第二部叫做“双塔奇兵”，讲述这支护戒联盟路上经历的种种艰辛以及每个成员在魔戒的诱惑下展现出来的内心世界，白袍巫师萨鲁曼在自己欲望驱使下背叛正义投向邪恶势力，建筑塔楼砍伐树木，制造与中土对抗的大军。第三部“王者归来”则以倒叙的方式介绍魔戒怎样落到夏尔小村庄。护戒联盟经历艰难险阻，最终将魔戒丢入魔多山的熔岩，随着魔戒的熔化，魔戒的锻造者索伦所建造的邪恶帝国分崩离析，阿拉贡成为国王，中土世界再次回到和平美好的时代。法国弗朗西丝娃·德·奥波妮40年前提出生态女性主义的概念，后经卡罗尔·麦茜特、叶内斯特·金等理论家和社会活动家的补充和实践，，生态女性主义现已成为非常成熟的思想体系。生态女性主义者认为：女性和自然由于长期以来受到男权社会的剥削与压迫从而形成了一种天然的联系。自然和女性所受的不公平待遇是由于人类中心论和男性中心论的盛行而致，男权至上的思想构成了等级制度的温床，要想消除等级制度，达到人人平等，并回复到男性与女性、人与自然的美好关系，就要以生态女性主义重新建构社会秩序。因此消除女性所受的压迫与剥削和消除自然所受的压迫与剥削密不可分。生态女性主义理论者还考虑在消除对自然的控制、性别歧视的基础上消除种族歧视、物种至上主义以及其他各种社会不平等。《指环王》这部小说在向读者展现一个充满北欧风情的魔幻世界的同时，也将对女性和自然的关注融入到叙事的过程当中。小说不仅呈现了未受战争波及的世外桃源—夏尔，以及夏尔居住的霍比特人与自然和谐共处的互相依存的关系，同时也描述了邪恶巫师萨鲁曼以及魔戒锻造者索伦为达到自己统治中土世界的目的，不惜毁坏土地、砍伐树木以获取自己建造魔多大军的原料，他们的贪婪导致美好家园退化成不毛之地。散发着恶臭的沼泽，以及吱吱冒烟的枯树都代表着贪婪和欲望为生态所带来的创伤。作者托尔金还将视野投向女性角色身上。他赋予许多女性坚韧、果敢和牺牲的精神并让女性承担了传统意义上由男性掌控的权利。她们管理国家、征战沙场、成为男性角色的精神寄托。更难能可贵的是托尔金在他的小说中处处宣扬平等的理念，认为人人都可以为和平贡献力量，人不分贵贱强弱，都可以成为历史的创造者。这也解释了为什么弱小而与世无争的霍比特人佛罗多·巴金斯成为魔戒的持有者，其他的小矮人虽然备受质疑，却也在战争中可以战功卓著。这些描写都与20世纪七十年代出现的生态女性主义思潮不谋而合，体现了生态女性主义中所有的生命存在同等重要且都有其价值的理念。本论文一共分为五部分，第一部分对托尔金、小说《指环王》以及生态女性主义理论加以介绍，同时对该小说的国内外研究现状进行梳理；第二部分着重分析小说中女性的从属地位、她们所受的压迫与男权社会的关系以及女性角色的反叛；第三部分是关于自然的地位以及自然对剥削和压迫的反叛；第四部分从托尔金的经历以及生活的大背景来分析小说作者在《指环王》中呈现生态女性主义的原因。此章还结合小说出版之时的社会背景来研究小说的生态女性主义缘起以及小说中该思想的积极意义和历史局限性；第五部分为总结部分，总结了托尔金小说中所蕴含的生态女性主义思想，同时还指出了其思想的历史局限及原因。
[Abstract]:J.R.R. Tolkien (1892 --1973) is a famous British novelist, poet, linguist and linguist, but his most familiar identity or the author of the classic magic novel, the Lord of the rings, has set off a magic novel and makes Tolkien a hot best-selling writer. Recognized as one of the greatest novelists in the twentieth Century, it was also chosen as the most influential English novelist in the twentieth Century, with C.S. Lewis and Salman Rashid. Some critics think that they are filled with love and praise for the medieval hierarchy. Even so, it has a good reputation among the vast majority of readers,.2001, the great director of the United States, Peter Jackson, who brought the novel to the screen, and the film was shown with a double harvest of box office and word of mouth. A lot of critics have relocated their eyes on the novel, and most critics have given Torkin and the Lord of the ring a positive evaluation.
"The Lord of the rings" is divided into three middle and middle parts. The first is the "guard alliance", the formation of a guard alliance, led by the hobbit. The task of the team is to escort Frodo to magic, and to destroy the evil rings of the magma. The escort team consists of an elf, a dwarf, and four hobbits, one. A wizard and two men are composed. Second is called the "Twin Towers wonder", which tells the hardships of the experience of the alliance, and the inner world of each member's enticement under the lure of the ring. The white robe wizard Saruman, driven by his desires, betrays justice to the evil forces, the building towers cut down the trees, and make the Middle Earth. The third "return of the king" introduces how the Lord of the ring falls to the small village of Charle in a flashback way. The consortium has experienced difficulties and difficulties, and eventually lost the magic ring to the mountains of the lava. With the melting of the ring, the evil empire built by the forgman of the ring of the Lord of the ring is disintegrated, Aragon becomes king, and the Middle Earth is back once again. To a time of peace and beauty.
40 years ago, the concept of ecofeminism was put forward by French Francisva de Opone. After the supplement and practice of Carol Merchant, Ernest Kim and other theorists and social activists, ecofeminism has now become a very mature system of thought. Ecofeminers believe that women and nature have been subjected to a long time. The exploitation and oppression of the patriarchal society have formed a natural connection. The unfair treatment of nature and women is due to the prevalence of anthropocentrism and male centrism. The patriarchal supremacy constitutes the hotbed of the hierarchy, the elimination of the hierarchy, the equality of all, and the return to men and women, people and self. The better relationship is to reconstruct social order with ecofeminism. Therefore, the elimination of oppression and exploitation and the elimination of oppression and exploitation of nature are inseparable from the oppression and exploitation of women. The ecofeminist theory also considers the elimination of racial discrimination, species supremacism and the elimination of the control of nature and gender discrimination. He is unequal in all kinds of society.
The novel, "the Lord of the rings", presents a magical world full of Nordic customs to readers, while also integrating the concerns of women and nature into the process of narration. It also describes the evil wizard Saruman and the Lord of the ring forger Sauron for the purpose of achieving his own domination of the earth world, to destroy the land, to cut down the trees to obtain their own material for the building of the magic army, their greed which has led to the degradation of the beautiful home, the stinky swamps, and the squeaky and smoky dead trees. Torkin, the author of greed and desire for ecology, also puts his view on the role of women. He gives many women the spirit of tenacity, courageous and sacrifice, and makes women take the right to be controlled by men in the traditional sense. They manage the country, fight for the sand, become the spiritual sustenance of the male role. In his novels, Torkin advocates the idea of equality, that everyone can contribute to peace, and that people can be the creator of history. It also explains why the small and undissoluble Frodo Baggins, the Hobbit, is the holder of the ring of the Lord, while the other dwarfs are questioned. These descriptions coincide with the ecofeminist trend of thought that appeared in 70s twentieth Century, reflecting the idea that all life in ecofeminism is of equal importance and has its value.
This thesis is divided into five parts. The first part introduces Torkin, the king of the ring, and the theory of ecofeminism. At the same time, it combs the current research status of the novel at home and abroad; the second part focuses on the analysis of the subordinate status of women in the novel, the relationship between the pressure and the male rights society and the negative role of women. The third part is about the position of nature and the rebellion of exploitation and oppression by nature. The fourth part analyses the reason why the author presents the ecofeminism in the Lord of the ring from the experience of Torkin and the background of life. The origin and the positive and historical limitations of the thought in the novel; the fifth part summarizes the ecofeminism thought contained in Torkin's novels, and also points out the historical limitations and reasons of his thought.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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