后殖民主义视角解析康拉德小说《黑暗之心》

发布时间：2018-06-11 13:43

本文选题：康拉德 + 黑暗之心　；参考：《辽宁大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为一个引起很多评论家关注的作者，康拉德的作品风格并没有固定的模式。他甚至是以作品的主题与叙事手法的不明确性而著称的。英语是康拉德的第三门语言，作为一个波兰人，他在20几岁才刚刚接触英语，然而却能跻身于最伟大的英语语言大师之列；出身于贵族家庭，但自幼丧失双亲；童年生活饱经不幸，长大后却能把自己的关注点放置于更不幸更落后的后殖民世界；在作品中饱含了对弱者的同情，对帝国主义者的憎恨，但在描述殖民行径时却又无法超越自己的白人身份和视角的局限性。康拉德的语言背景、家庭背景、社会背景的多样性，他在非洲大陆做水手的人生经历以及独特的叙事手法引起了作者的关注，故而将他的小说作为本论文的选题。概括地说，康拉德的作品可分为航海小说，丛林小说和社会政治小说三种类型。以其自身在刚果的经历为蓝本而著就的小说《黑暗之心》是康拉德丛林小说中最知名的一部。小说以英国殖民者同非洲土著的深刻矛盾为主线，描述了西方文明与简单、质朴的非洲社会的冲突；探索了殖民者人性本质的邪恶，同时也展示了非洲土著质朴可爱的自律性。小说从经济、政治、文化领域广泛地揭露了帝国主义的剥削本质。因此，即便是在其出版已有一个多世纪的今天，它依然让评论界深感兴趣，评论家们从其殖民话语、哲学反思、现代主义解读、存在主义解读等等视角对其探讨不休。然而迄今为止，将《黑暗之心》置于后殖民的理论框架中进行探讨的研究并不是很多，这促成了本文的选题。本文旨在分析证明《黑暗之心》的进步性在于表现了被殖民者在面对严酷剥削的社会环境下，奋力将霸权力量推置一边，创造了自身的空间，并从政治、经济、文化等领域全面发展自己。本论文中将引述并探讨几位知名的后殖民理论家的观点来证明其论点。包括赛义德的“东方主义”和“他者话语”观点，他所阐述的小说与帝国主义的关系等；包括法侬关于殖民本质以及被其征服者的特点的论述。虽然法侬关于暴力是反对后殖民统治最有效最有意义的手段的论述是比较激进的，但他的分析在一定程度上揭示了殖民主义的本质，因此具有进步意义。另一值得一提的后殖民理论家是斯皮瓦克，她对后殖民主义理论的主要贡献是为“属下”这一概念作出了明确定义。在“属下”理论的框架内，本论文将阐释在《黑暗之心》中所展现的文化支配与对抗。同时，从政治、经济、文化领域对小说语境、文本进行相对全面的分析，，尽力展示小说所揭示的殖民主义的真正本质及其深刻影响。本论文由导论、四个章节以及结论部分构成。导论部分主要阐述研究《黑暗之心》的意义，选题的原因及目的；选题的价值及可能解决的问题；并对作者的家庭、社会背景作简要介绍并对小说的情节、故事背景、故事梗概加以概述。第一章由两小节组成。第一部分是文献综述，分为国际文献综述和国内学者文献两部分。写作的目的是展现从后殖民视角研究《黑暗之心》的必要性和价值。本章的第二部分是其主体，主要叙述后殖民主义的理论框架。分别阐述后殖民主义理论以及后殖民批评的定义；后殖民理论的主要代表人物；他们的主要学术观点以及作者将在本文中引述他们的哪些观点来作为本文的理论支撑。第二章是本文最主要的章节，将探讨后殖民主义在《黑暗之心》中的体现。本章第一部分是后殖民主义在小说主题中的体现。主要用后殖民的理论框架分析小说的两大主题——关于帝国主义以及文明。鉴于该小说是作者自身经历为蓝本而写成的，作者个人对殖民主义的态度以及他的身份对小说所展示的主题的影响也是本文将要加以分析的，以便更深入地探讨后殖民主义对小说主题的影响。本章的第二部分将详细分析后殖民主义在《黑暗之心》中的体现，包括其本质——抢劫与掠夺；其实现——对金钱、权利毫无节制的欲望。通过以上分析，使读者对后殖民主义在小说中的体现有更深入的了解。第三章将探讨后殖民框架下的小说叙事技巧及人物塑造。探讨包括暗喻、象征等叙事技巧的运用，作者运用这些叙事手段旨在展现其对处于殖民环境中的社会的同情。小说以刚果为背景，其展现的当地土语及比喻手法唤起了人们对殖民行径的反思。小说以简短的句子讲述带有异域色彩的故事，并在讲故事的过程中展现了当地人的文化意识及语言的真实性。这样的语言同时也揭示了小说所蕴含的殖民及宗教氛围。第四章的主题是后殖民主义在文化身份中的体现。主要阐述文化的支配与文化对抗的矛盾。殖民者通过光明或卑劣的手段对原住民进行了政治、经济、尤其是文化领域的剥削。但殖民的残酷性却给非洲原住民以力量去反抗不公正的文化系统，并对现存的殖民统治提出质疑，在斗争中确立属于其自身的文化身份。这一点在小说中得到深刻展现。结语部分将深入阐释本文论点：通过对非洲大陆的剥削，帝国主义者不仅获得了土地、金钱、权力，还将自身的文明强压于原住民。但是，原住民的对抗始终没有停止，他们以自己的方式还击，并努力确立自己的身份。
[Abstract]:As a writer who has attracted much attention from many critics , the style of his works is not fixed . He is famous for his lack of clarity about the themes and narrative techniques of his works . English is the third language of Conradors , who has just been in touch with English at the age of 20 when he was at the age of 20 , yet became one of the greatest English language masters ;
Born in a noble family , but lost her parents ;
Childhood life has suffered misfortune , but when he grew up , he could put his point of interest in a less fortunate and less - less post - colonial world ;
In his works , the sympathy of the weak and the hatred of the emperor , but the limitation of his white identity and angle of view cannot be surpassed in describing the colonial practices . The language background , family background and social background diversity of his works have caused the attention of the author in the life experience of the sailor in the African continent and the unique narrative technique , so that his novel is used as the topic of this thesis .

Generally speaking , his works can be divided into three types : nautical fiction , jungle fiction and social political fiction .
This paper probes into the evil of the nature of the human nature of the colonizers , and also shows the lovely self - discipline of the indigenous people in Africa . The novel reveals the essence of the exploitation of imperialism widely from the fields of economy , politics and culture . Therefore , even if it has been published for more than a century , it still has a deep interest in the critics , and the critics have studied them from the perspective of their colonial discourse , philosophical reflection , modernism interpretation , exisiting interpretation , and so on .

So far , it is not a great deal of research to put the heart of darkness into the theoretical framework of post - colonial theory , which has contributed to the choice of this paper . The purpose of this paper is to analyze the progressive nature of the heart of darkness , and to push aside the power of hegemony and create its own space from the fields of politics , economy , culture and so on .

This thesis will quote and discuss the opinions of several well - known post - colonial theorists to prove their arguments .
In the framework of the theory of " subordinates " , the thesis will explain the essence of colonialism and make a clear definition of the essence of colonialism . In the framework of the theory , this thesis will explain the cultural domination and confrontation displayed in the heart of the darkness . At the same time , the paper makes a comparatively comprehensive analysis of the context and the text of the novel from the political , economic and cultural fields , and tries to show the true nature and the profound influence of the colonialism revealed by the novel .

This thesis consists of the introduction , the four chapters and the conclusion part . The introduction part mainly expounds the significance of the research on the meaning of the heart of darkness , the reason and purpose of choosing the subject ;
The value of the topic and the possible solution ;
The author gives a brief introduction to the author ' s family and social background and gives an overview of the plot , story background and storyline of the novel .

The first chapter consists of two sections . The first part is the literature review , which is divided into the international literature review and the domestic scholar literature . The purpose of this chapter is to show the necessity and value of the research of the heart of darkness from the post - colonial perspective . The second part of this chapter is the main body of this chapter , which mainly describes the theoretical framework of post - colonialism . The post - colonial theory and the definition of post - colonial criticism are elaborated .
The main representative figure of post - colonial theory ;
Their main academic viewpoints and the author ' s views in this paper will be cited as theoretical support in this paper .

The second part of this chapter is the reflection of post - colonialism in the theme of fiction . The first part of this chapter is the reflection of post - colonialism in the theme of fiction .
Through the above analysis , the reader has a deeper understanding of post - colonialism in the novel .

The third chapter discusses the narrative techniques and characters of novels under the post - colonial framework . The author explores the use of narrative techniques , including metaphor , symbol and so on . The author uses these narrative methods to show its sympathy for the society in the colonial environment . The novel takes the Congo as the background . The local language and metaphor of the novel reflects the people ' s cultural awareness and the authenticity of the language . The language also reveals the colonial and religious atmosphere contained in the novel .

The theme of chapter four is the reflection of post - colonialism in the cultural identity . It mainly expounds the contradiction between the domination of culture and the cultural confrontation .

The concluding remarks will provide an in - depth interpretation of the thesis ' s argument : By exploiting the African continent , the monarchy has not only acquired land , money , power , but also imposed itself on indigenous peoples . However , the confrontation of indigenous peoples has never stopped , and they have fought back in their own ways and tried to establish their identity .
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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