论毛姆笔下孤独的精神探索者

发布时间：2018-09-12 16:22

【摘要】：威廉·萨默塞特·毛姆是英国文坛上颇具争议的一位作家，虽然他从未和一流作家并驾齐驱，但他却在世界范围内拥有庞大的读者群。他的长篇小说没有得到批评家的认同，但却不能否认它们所包含的深刻内蕴。正如作家摩根所说，“在精明的观察者看来，一个人即使在偶然写出的作品中，也不能不显露他自己的内心世界”。① 在深入分析文本的基础上，笔者认为，其主要小说《人生的枷锁》、《月亮和六便士》和《刀锋》不仅是在讲述一个故事，编织一种理想，更是在书写自己孤独的心灵体验和精神探索，它们是毛姆思想的外化和升华，也是人类普遍心灵挣扎探索的写照，迎合了广大读者的精神需求。本文围绕毛姆作品中的精神探索者形象，利用叔本华的自由意志哲学、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说等对其进行梳理：不仅从文学外部对形象塑造者的心理动机、欲望投射和文化诉求进行分析，同时还从文学内部挖掘其文本所具有的审美功能和意义，以求在这两方面把握其人其作的内核。本文共分为三章。第一章，以毛姆主要的长篇小说《人生的枷锁》中的菲利普、《月亮和六便士》中的斯特里克兰德、《刀锋》中的拉里为分析对象，通过梳理说明他们都是精神探索者类型的人物。菲利普在成长过程中逐渐摆脱宗教的束缚、爱情的桎梏、生理缺陷的枷锁而获得精神的自由，，他是挣脱枷锁的抗争者；斯特里克兰德勇敢地放弃世俗的安逸决然地选择了艰难的绘画之路，通过绘画寻找到真实和自由，他是为艺术而献身的殉道者；拉里面对生命的困惑、死亡的神秘选择独自探索，最终他在印度教中找到了真理——自我完善，终而跨越了“刀锋”成为圣徒。第二章，第一节在精神探索者形象分析的基础上，发现总结出他们身上存在的共同特征：他们都处于孤独的生存状态之中，他们善于观察和思考、特立独行，具有哲学意味的思维，同时又都向往异域和自然。第二节在第一节基础上进一步从作家角度深入分析精神探索者形象形成的原因。毛姆，一位从小丧失双亲、口吃、生于法国长于法国的英国作家，他的内心充满了创伤的记忆，他是一个孤独的漂泊者、精神上的探索者。他的经历决定了他的悲观主义思想，他自然地接受了叔本华的自由意志哲学和斯宾诺莎的伦理学思想，这些思想在其笔下的精神探索者身上得到充分体现。毛姆是一个人生的挑剔者，他当外科医生的经历将他擅于观察人性中弱点的特长发挥到极致，冷峻而犀利。第三章，在前两章的基础上探讨精神探索者形象的意义。首先，菲利普、斯特里克兰德、拉里形象的塑造，宣泄了作家毛姆压抑一生的渴望自由的欲望和冲动。即使他们身上也存在着对女性和婚姻的偏激态度，但这并不影响他们身上所体现出的精神探索者身上应有的性格气质与勇敢执着的优秀品格。其次，这类形象的塑造与读者产生了强烈的共鸣，并影响了一大批现代作家。
[Abstract]:William Somerset Maugham is a controversial writer in the English literary world. Although he has never been in the same league with the first-class writers, he has a large readership in the world. His novels have not been recognized by critics, but can not deny the profound implications of them. As the writer Morgan said, "In It seems to the wise observer that a man, even in his casual writings, must reveal his own inner world.
On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the text, the author holds that his main novels, The Chains of Life, The Moon and the Sixpence, and The Blade, are not only telling a story, weaving an ideal, but also writing his own lonely spiritual experience and spiritual exploration. They are the externalization and sublimation of Maugham's thought and the exploration of the struggle of the human mind in general. Portrayal caters to the spiritual needs of the vast numbers of readers.
Around the image of the spiritual explorer in Maugham's works, this paper makes use of Schopenhauer's philosophy of free will and Freud's psychoanalysis theory to sort it out: not only from the outside of literature to analyze the psychological motivation, desire projection and cultural appeal of the image-maker, but also from the inside of literature to explore the aesthetics of his text. Function and significance, in order to grasp the core of human work in these two aspects.
In the first chapter, taking Philip in Maugham's main novel The Chains of Life, Strickland in Moon and Sixpence and Larry in Blade as the objects of analysis, we can see that they are all spiritual explorers. Strickland bravely abandoned the secular ease and decided to choose the difficult road of painting, through painting to find truth and freedom, he is a martyr dedicated to art; Larry faced the confusion of life, the mysterious choice of death. Choosing to explore alone, he finally found the truth in Hinduism - self-improvement, and eventually crossed the blade to become a saint.
In the second chapter, the first section, on the basis of the image analysis of the spiritual explorers, finds that they have the common characteristics: they are all in a state of lonely existence, they are good at observation and thinking, independent, philosophical thinking, but also yearn for exotic and natural. Maugham, an English writer who lost his parents and stuttered and grew up in France, is full of traumatic memories. He is a lonely vagrant and spiritual explorer. His experience determines his pessimism and he naturally accepts it. Schopenhauer's philosophy of free will and Spinoza's ethics are fully embodied in his spiritual explorers. Maugham is a life critic whose experience as a surgeon brings his expertise in observing human weaknesses to the extreme, grim and sharp.
First of all, the portrayal of the images of Philip, Strickland and Larry gives vent to the writer Maugham's desire and impulse to suppress his life's desire for freedom. Secondly, the creation of such images resonates strongly with the readers and influences a large number of modern writers.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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