超越悖论—析梭罗的生活实验

发布时间：2019-05-14 11:10

【摘要】：在19世纪美国文艺复兴时期，梭罗是极少受到关注的作家和思想家，但是随着20世纪文学生态学和环境伦理学的兴起，批评家们开始关注和解读《瓦尔登湖》所体现的人与自然的关系，梭罗也成为了世界性的文化符号，然而过分的关注和解读使得梭罗和《瓦尔登湖》几乎成了自然的代名词。而他两年多的神秘林中生活更使不少研究者认为他只不过是隐者，甚至批评他是借隐居之名，行欺世盗名之实。这些误读和误解也进一步阻碍了现代社会人们对梭罗及其作品的接受。因此，本文试图通过对他的生活实验进行一个较为全面、集中的分析来澄清《瓦尔登湖》所呈现的悖论：他一方面竭力呈现林中生活是多么美妙,另一方面却毅然地抛弃了这种生活；一方面他自称是林中的隐士，另一方面他还与家人、朋友常有联系并进行积极反抗社会的行动。最后本文得出结论：梭罗的生活实验并非制造了悖论而是对悖论的超越。他表面的遁世既是反对世俗的生活方式，也是为了更好的入世；表面上是反对美国传统，其实是暗合了美国的追求、独立的精神传统，而且其目的是更新传统；选择了非常态的生活，其实是为了探索常态生活精神性的可能。他的实验恰恰是对超越二元对立的多种可能性的实践。这也是本研究的意义所在，即通过全面认识和评判梭罗和《瓦尔登湖》来启示我们应该如何看待自己、看待生活和看待社会。文章主要采取文本细读的方法，结合历史自传型批评方法，紧密围绕梭罗开始和结束林中生活这一矛盾行为背后的原因展开分析。论文的主体分为五部分：第一章对有关梭罗和《瓦尔登湖》的评论以及由此产生的误读和误解做综述，从而进一步指出本论文的写作动机及论文结构并对梭罗的生活经历和个人喜好作简单介绍。第二章分析梭罗进行实验的原因。梭罗对当时美国人的传统生活方式不满，所以通过实验反对美国的物质主义和精神盲从的传统。第三章进一步探究梭罗反对当时美国传统的精神源泉恰恰是古代东西方的文化传统。第四章主要分析梭罗在林中的生活，这是梭罗的理念和东西方文化传统相契合的表现。他林中的生活主要包括以下三方面：简单生活；有独立思想的生活和亲近自然的生活。第五章分析梭罗离开瓦尔登湖结束实验的原因。在梭罗看来，人们只有不断更新自己的思想并付诸行动，人们建立的传统才能成为人类发展的动力，否则，它将成为人类痛苦的泥潭。实验生活，不是传统意义上的隐居更非沽名钓誉的假隐，而是一个不断更新传统、激活生命的动态过程。
[Abstract]:During the American Renaissance in the 19th century, Thoreau was a writer and thinker who received little attention, but with the rise of literary ecology and environmental ethics in the 20th century, Critics began to pay attention to and interpret the relationship between man and nature embodied in Walden Lake, and Thoreau has become a worldwide cultural symbol. However, excessive attention and interpretation have made Thoreau and Walden Lake almost synonymous with nature. His life in the mysterious forest for more than two years made many researchers think he was just a hermit, and even criticized him for deceiving the world in the name of seclusion. These misunderstandings and misunderstandings further hindered the acceptance of Thoreau and his works in modern society. Therefore, this paper attempts to clarify the paradox of Walden Lake through a more comprehensive and centralized analysis of his life experiment: on the one hand, he tries to show how wonderful life in the forest is. On the other hand, he resolutely abandoned this life; On the one hand, he claims to be a hermit in the forest, on the other hand, he often contacts with his family and friends and carries out active resistance to society. Finally, this paper concludes that Thoreau's life experiment does not create a paradox, but a transcendence of the paradox. His superficial recluse is not only against the secular way of life, but also for a better entry into the WTO. On the surface, he opposes the American tradition, in fact, it is in line with the pursuit of the United States, the spiritual tradition of independence, and its purpose is to renew the tradition. The choice of abnormal life, in fact, is to explore the spiritual possibility of normal life. His experiment is precisely the practice of transcending the multiple possibilities of binary antagonism. This is also the significance of this study, that is, through a comprehensive understanding and evaluation of Thoreau and Walden Lake to enlighten us how to look at ourselves, life and society. This paper mainly adopts the method of careful reading of the text, combined with the method of historical autobiographical criticism, and closely analyzes the reasons behind the contradictory behavior of Thoreau's beginning and ending life in the forest. The main body of the paper is divided into five parts: the first chapter summarizes the comments on Thoreau and Walden Lake, as well as the resulting misunderstandings and misunderstandings. Thus, the writing motivation and structure of this paper are further pointed out, and Thoreau's life experience and personal preferences are briefly introduced. The second chapter analyzes the reasons for Thoreau's experiment. Thoreau was dissatisfied with the traditional American way of life at that time, so he opposed the American tradition of materialism and spiritual blind obedience through experiments. The third chapter further explores that the spiritual source of Thoreau's opposition to American tradition at that time was the ancient cultural tradition of the East and the West. The fourth chapter mainly analyzes Thoreau's life in the forest, which is the expression of Thoreau's idea and the cultural tradition of the East and the West. His life in the forest mainly includes the following three aspects: simple life, independent life and life close to nature. The fifth chapter analyzes the reasons why Thoreau left Walden Lake to end the experiment. In Thoreau's view, the tradition established by people can become the driving force of human development only if they constantly renew their ideas and put them into action, otherwise, it will become the quagmire of human suffering. Experimental life is not the traditional sense of seclusion is not the false hidden fishing reputation, but a dynamic process of constantly updating the tradition and activating life.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.076

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