传承作为昆曲国家文化战略确立的关键

发布时间：2019-03-30 16:33

【摘要】：昆剧的地域性丧失、昆曲传承人才短缺的突出标志就是昆曲剧目的失传速度进一步加快,这就使我们不能不反思:即便是提"国家文化战略",也要提"京昆国家文化战略",而不能只提"昆曲国家文化战略"。为什么西方话剧和中国戏曲的结合难以成为所谓的"世界戏剧"呢?这其中根深蒂固的原因就是东西方文化的根本差异。西方话剧即便是接纳了东方戏曲表现性的元素,弥补了话剧演员身体表现性不足的缺憾,使它更加好看,但它也不会从根本上放弃理性至上的最高理念。而中国戏曲对西方话剧的学习却极大地伤害了中国戏曲的审美本质。昆曲已经再也经不住"草创"之"新"了,昆曲已经不是无中生有的再"始造""首创"的对象,它已经在几百年的不断累积传承中趋于审美表现的极致。昆曲是最难传承的一种艺术样式,它是需要大师级、掌握绝活的人才有资格承担的。演员之外,还应有另外四个元素的传承,即剧本、音乐、美术、导演的传承。真正明白昆曲的人都知道,戏曲演员永远不会单纯背那个文学本,他们永远是身体性的、是肢体性的、是唱念做打的、手眼身法步的记忆,他们是心象(身段)记忆、是音象(乐象)记忆,而非文学性记忆。这种记忆的特殊性我们学界的确了解得太少。关于昆曲音乐的传承,要注意它不是地方戏的音乐,而是曲牌体的宫调音乐。昆曲的灵魂就是应该传承的曲牌,要有严格的格律和宫调把握。中国传统的教育永远是从审美的、成人的意义上出发的。训练成一个有修养、有韵味、有审美感召力的人,大写的人,这才涉及到我们的文化战略问题。考虑培养一些有能力传承传统戏曲艺术精神的老师,是真正的国家文化战略得以确立的首务。
[Abstract]:The loss of the regional character of Kunqu Opera, and the outstanding symbol of the shortage of talents in the inheritance of Kunqu Opera is the further acceleration of the loss of Kunqu Opera repertoire, which leads us to reflect on this: even when it comes to the "National Cultural Strategy", it is also necessary to mention the "National Cultural Strategy of Beijing and Kunming". We should not only mention the National Culture Strategy of Kunqu Opera. Why is the combination of western drama and Chinese opera difficult to become the so-called "world drama"? The deep-rooted reason for this is the fundamental difference between the East and the West. Even if western drama accepts the elements of oriental drama expression, makes up for the lack of physical expression of drama actors, makes it more beautiful, but it will not fundamentally give up the supreme idea of rational supremacy. But the study of Chinese opera to western drama has greatly hurt the aesthetic essence of Chinese opera. Kunqu Opera is no longer able to withstand the "new" of "grass-roots creation". Kunqu Opera is no longer the object of "original creation" and "original creation". It has become the ultimate aesthetic expression in the continuous accumulation and inheritance of hundreds of years. Kunqu Opera is the most difficult to pass on an art style, it needs master level, master the talent is qualified to undertake. In addition to actors, there should be another four elements of inheritance, namely, script, music, art, director heritage. Those who really understand Kunqu know that opera actors will never simply memorize that literary book. They are always physical, limb, singing, playing, hand, eye, body and step memory, and they are mental (physical) memory. It is audio-visual (musical) memory, not literary memory. The particularity of this kind of memory is indeed known too little by the academic community. As for the inheritance of Kunqu music, we should pay attention to it is not the music of local opera, but the music of music style. The soul of Kunqu Opera is the music card that should be inherited, must have strict rhythm and palace tone grasp. Chinese traditional education is always from the aesthetic, adult sense of departure. Training into a self-cultivation, charm, aesthetic appeal, uppercase people, this involves our cultural strategy. It is the first task to establish a true national cultural strategy to train some teachers who have the ability to inherit the traditional Chinese opera art spirit.
【作者单位】：武汉大学哲学学院;
【分类号】：J82

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