户籍制度改革与公民基本权利保障

发布时间：2018-03-04 18:04

本文选题：户籍制度　切入点：基本权利　出处：《河南大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 户籍制度是政府职能部门对所辖人户的出生、死亡、迁徙、婚姻等基本状况进行登记和管理的一项国家行政管理制度。商王朝的“收人”和“登人”制度是我国户籍制度的萌芽,西周时期的“习民数”制度则是户籍制度真正形成的标志,公元前536年,郑子产“铸刑书于鼎”,户籍制度开始受到法律的规范。随后,我国的户籍制度又经历了秦朝的“什伍连坐制”和“编户齐民”;魏晋的划分户籍类别;宋朝的“保甲制”等,封建户籍制度逐步走向完善。直到清乾隆发布的“永停止户口编审之例”正式宣布了封建户籍制度的终结。到了近代,晚清政府效法西方制定了《户籍法》,该法还未等到颁布,便随着清王朝的灭亡而搁浅了。1931年,南京国民政府颁布的《户籍法》成为我国真正意义上的第一部调整户籍的单行法律条例。新中国建立后,1958年颁布的《户口登记条例》标志着新中国户籍制度的正式建立,以该《条例》为核心的现行户籍制度包括户口准入审批制度、城乡二元户籍制度、居民身份证制度等。在建国初期,该制度的确对我国的经济建设和社会稳定起到了不可磨灭的作用。但是,随着社会的转型和经济体制的转轨,现行户籍制度已不能适应经济社会的发展,其弊端日益显露。现行户籍制度造成了公民政治权利的不平等,社会经济权利的不平等,人格权的不平等,并且还剥夺了公民迁徙自由。自上世纪八十年代有人提出户籍制度改革以来,不少学者开始从不同层面、不同角度对户籍制度进行了深入广泛的研究,同时,中央和地方政府也开始进行了各式各样的改革探索。但是,以往的理论研究和改革实践都没有从根本上改变户籍制度对公民基本权利的侵害,其中一个重要原因就是户籍制度改革的条件不够成熟,致使改革举步维艰。新世纪以来,随着我国经济社会的进一步发展,市场经济体制的确立和完善为户籍制度改革提供了经济基础;政治民主化为户籍制度改革提供了政治基础;人口的流动为户籍制度改革提供了社会基础;“依法治国”、“尊重和保障人权”等理念的提出为户籍制度改革提供了法律基础;我国已有的中央和各地的改革尝试,为户籍制度的改革提供了实践基础。借鉴美国、日本、台湾地区人口管理办法,改革我国户籍制度,保障公民基本权利的对策应当有以下几个方面:第一,构建公民身份制度,实现公民之间的身份平等;第二,实行“一元制”户籍制度,保障公民政治、经济权利的平等;第三,取消户籍特权,保障公民人格权的平等;第四,取消户口准入审批制度,恢复公民的迁徙自由。
[Abstract]:The household registration system is the birth, death, and migration of households under the jurisdiction of government departments. Marriage and other basic conditions of registration and management of a national administrative system. The Shang Dynasty's "income" and "boarding" system is the germination of our household registration system, In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the "number of habitants" system was the symbol of the real formation of the household registration system. In 536 BC, Zheng Zi produced "casting the criminal books in the tripod", and the household registration system began to be regulated by law. The household registration system of our country has also experienced the "Shi Wu Lian sitting system" and "the compilation household Qi Min" in the Qin Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasty division household registration category, the Song Dynasty "Baojia system" and so on. The feudal household registration system was gradually improved. Until the end of the feudal household registration system was officially announced by Qianlong Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the government of the late Qing Dynasty, following the example of the West, formulated the Household Registration Law, which had not yet been promulgated. It ran aground with the fall of the Qing Dynasty. 1931, The "Household Registration Law" promulgated by the Nanjing National Government has become the first separate legal regulation in the real sense of our country to adjust the household registration. After the founding of New China, the "regulations on Household Registration" promulgated on 1958 marked the formal establishment of the household registration system in New China. The current household registration system, with the "regulations" as the core, includes the household registration and approval system, the urban-rural dual household registration system, the resident identity card system, and so on. At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, It is true that this system has played an indelible role in the economic construction and social stability of our country. However, with the transformation of the society and the transition of the economic system, the current household registration system has been unable to adapt to the economic and social development. The present household registration system has resulted in the inequality of civil and political rights, the inequality of social and economic rights, the inequality of personality rights, and the deprivation of citizens' freedom of movement. Since -20s, when some people proposed the reform of the household registration system, many scholars began to conduct in-depth and extensive research on the household registration system from different levels and from different angles. At the same time, The central and local governments have also begun to carry out various reforms and explorations. However, previous theoretical studies and reform practices have not fundamentally changed the infringement of the household registration system on the basic rights of citizens. One of the important reasons is that the conditions for the reform of the household registration system are not mature enough, which makes the reform difficult. Since the new century, with the further development of our country's economy and society, The establishment and perfection of the market economy system provides the economic foundation for the reform of the household registration system, the political democratization provides the political basis for the reform of the household registration system. The movement of population provides the social basis for the reform of the household registration system, the concept of "governing the country according to law" and "respecting and protecting human rights" provides a legal basis for the reform of the household registration system. It provides a practical basis for the reform of the household registration system. Drawing lessons from the methods of population management in the United States, Japan and Taiwan, the countermeasures for reforming our household registration system and safeguarding the basic rights of citizens should be as follows: first, to build a civil status system, To realize the equality of identity among citizens; second, to implement the "monolithic" household registration system to ensure the equality of citizens' political and economic rights; third, to abolish the household registration privilege and ensure the equality of citizens' personal rights; and (4th) to abolish the examination and approval system for household registration. To restore citizens' freedom of movement.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D631.42

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