北京某地铁站的火灾和人员疏散模拟研究

发布时间：2018-03-10 22:32

本文选题：地铁火灾　切入点：数值模拟　出处：《北京交通大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：地铁系统整体位于地下,属于人口密度较大的公共聚集场所,对于疏散和救援都有一定的难度,倘若有事故发生,极易造成较大的人员伤亡。在地铁灾害事故中火灾最多,原因是火灾燃烧产生的烟气等有毒气体不仅阻碍人们的视线,而且燃烧的高温和浓烟将给人们造成较大的心理恐慌。做好人员疏散可以大量减少伤亡,减小事故后果的严重性。因此,对于地铁火灾疏散问题的研究必不可少,而且能为事故发生后人员的疏散提供理论基础。因为从火灾开始到火势蔓延至无法逃生需要一段时间,如果能够在这段时间内完成人员疏散,那么就能保证人员的生命安全,减小事故后果的严重程度。本篇论文就是基于上述原因,以北京市某双层岛式地铁站为研究对象,运用数值模拟法进行火灾模拟和基于火灾的人员疏散模拟,分析火灾模式下地铁系统中的温度场和烟气场以及能见度的分布,研究火灾蔓延规律,定量分析火灾后地铁站到达危险状态的时间,并针对该地铁站内的人员特征,分析计算出基于火灾的人员疏散时间。比较疏散时间与危险临界时间,判断该地铁站是否满足疏散要求,并就模拟结果提出相关建议。论文主要的研究结论是确定了建立地铁站物理模型的参数,并用Pyrosim软件建立北京某地铁站的物理模型;确定建立地铁站火灾模拟模型的参数,包括火灾的类型、火源的位置、热释放速率、模拟时间、探测器(疏散影响因素包括烟层高度、烟气温度、能见度)的位置等,并用FDS软件建立地铁站的地铁列车火灾模拟模型以及地铁站台火灾模拟模型,针对火灾随时间的发展情况进行相关的分析,从而得出两种火灾的发展过程以及计算可用疏散时间tASET;确定建立基于火灾的地铁站疏散模拟模型的参数,包括疏散人数、人员的疏散速度、疏散起始位置、疏散出口、疏散时间等,并用EVACNET软件建立基于两种火灾的地铁站疏散模拟模型,分析计算必须疏散时间tRSET,比较两个疏散时间,判断该地铁站不能完成安全疏散的位置并分析原因以及提出相关疏散建议。
[Abstract]:The subway system is located underground and belongs to the public gathering place with high population density. It is difficult for evacuation and rescue. If there is an accident, it is easy to cause more casualties. The reason is that the smoke and other toxic gases from the fire will not only hinder the sight of people, but also the burning high temperature and thick smoke will cause greater psychological panic. Good evacuation can greatly reduce casualties. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evacuation problem of subway fire, and can provide a theoretical basis for the evacuation of people after the accident, because it takes some time from the beginning of the fire to the spread of the fire to be unable to escape. If the evacuation can be completed within this period of time, then it can ensure the safety of the personnel and reduce the severity of the accident consequences. This paper is based on the above reasons, taking a double-layer island subway station in Beijing as the research object. The fire simulation and fire evacuation simulation are carried out by numerical simulation method. The distribution of temperature field, smoke field and visibility in subway system under fire mode is analyzed, and the law of fire spread is studied. Quantitative analysis of the time of the subway station reaching the dangerous state after the fire, and according to the personnel characteristics of the subway station, the evacuation time based on fire is analyzed and calculated, and the evacuation time is compared with the critical time of danger. The main conclusion of this paper is that the parameters of establishing the physical model of subway station are determined, and the physical model of a Beijing subway station is established by Pyrosim software. Determining the parameters for establishing a fire simulation model for subway stations, including the type of fire, the location of the fire source, the heat release rate, the simulated time, the location of the detector (the evacuation factors include smoke height, flue gas temperature, visibility), etc. The fire simulation model of subway train and the fire simulation model of subway platform are established with FDS software, and the related analysis is carried out according to the development of fire over time. Thus, the development process of two kinds of fires and the calculation of available evacuation time are obtained, and the parameters of establishing evacuation simulation model of subway station based on fire are determined, including evacuation number, evacuation speed, evacuation initial location, evacuation exit, etc. The evacuation time and so on, using EVACNET software to establish the subway station evacuation simulation model based on two kinds of fire, analyze and calculate the necessary evacuation time tRSET, compare the two evacuation time, Determine the location where the subway station cannot complete the safe evacuation and analyze the reasons and make relevant evacuation suggestions.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D631.6

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