P300测谎技术研究

发布时间：2018-03-15 04:10

本文选题：说谎　切入点：测谎　出处：《中国政法大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： “说谎”作为一个概念或者行为现象,不唯只凸现于当今社会,从目前我们所拥有的“吉光片羽”的古代文档中,可以看出其在人类社会的早期就已存在。而上世纪80年代在儿童认知发展研究领域兴起的第三次研究浪潮——围绕“心理理论”的研究与探讨,以一种“无心插柳柳成荫”的方式将有关个体说谎发生、发展的研究向前推进了一大步,从信念的层面对说谎的界定问题注入了新鲜的血液。而说谎行为在元道德的范围内是绝对禁止,在一般社会生活环境中也是不被提倡的。但是,与这种道德要求或者说社会期待相左的是,在日常生活中,“谎言无处不在”。大量的研究证实,说谎是一种日常生活事件,它频繁地出现于我们与他人的社会互动或社会交往中,对个体和社会的影响极深。这种影响是积极还是消极,人们的观感并不统一。但是,无可否认,几乎所有不同文化、不同种族的人类群体都尝试着使用一些方法来“识别谎言”。并且,随着认识的深入和经验的积累,测谎方法的演进带着明显的精细化和有效化的趋势。在19世纪末到20世纪初的大约20多年里,一种借助医学仪器(更为准确地说是生理采集仪器),且标准化和客观性更强的现代测谎方法——心理生理测谎(Psychophysiological Detection of Deception,PDD)技术出现了,使得人类识别谎言的研究和探索前进了一大步。现今,PDD技术在司法领域大展身手,常会出现在侦查或审判中的关键位置上,有时甚至决定着审判的结果。PDD的应用引发了种种复杂的问题,涉及到了科学(scientific)、社会(social)、法律(legal)和伦理(ethical)等各方面,其中法律方面的问题尤为突出。这是因为,从整体上看,PDD技术的准确率始终徘徊在90%左右,其诊断结论还不足以达到法庭证据可靠性的要求。其次,它缺乏良好的科学理论基础,“心理生理反应与试图说谎的心理状态之间并没有建立起紧密的联系”,没有理论可以确定某种心理生理反应的出现是因为“试图说谎”的心理状态而非其它心理状态导致的。另外,大量的研究已经表明,以皮电、呼吸和血压为判断指标的PDD技术可以比较轻松地被反测试技术打败。上世纪后半叶兴起的认知神经科学(Cognitive Neuroscience)所发展的新方法和新技术为解决以上问题提供了可能性。功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)与事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)技术逐渐被应用于测谎领域中。其中,以P300这一ERP成分为基础的测谎技术脱颖而出,并且在2000年首次应用于实案审判中。但事实上,P300测谎技术目前仍处于基础研究阶段,其测谎范式、理论基础、诊断有罪或无辜的具体指标及其正确率、反-反测试的能力等问题都尚未解决。另外,作为一项来自心理学应用分支学科——法律心理学的研究,为未来的司法实践服务应是本研究的基本立足点。因此,P300测谎技术在实务中的可操作性,以及已经在实务中广泛应用的PDD技术所面临的种种困境,也是本研究要面对的问题。基于以上认识,本研究在模拟犯罪情景(mock crime scenario)研究方法的基础上做了一定改进,并以此为探测事件,进行了一系列研究,共包括4个子研究。研究发现:模拟犯罪情景和实案情景(real crime situation)之间的鸿沟是无法忽视的,模拟犯罪情景研究方法确有弱点;而在其基础上的改进方法获得了我们所期待的P300成分,证实了P300测谎的可行性;PDD以及P300测谎技术所依赖的最基本的心理机制应该是“意义效应(significance effect)”所引发的注意机制;最佳的P300测谎范式应是三刺激范式,并要求被试对靶和非靶刺激都做出行为反应;P300测谎确实有着良好的反-反测试作用,并可能具有较高的“击中率”和“漏报率”,而这正是司法背景下对于无法避免的错误更倾向接受的局面。因此,P300测谎技术应用于司法实务之日并不遥远。
[Abstract]:"Lying" as a concept or behavior, not only just emerged in today's society, from now we have "the ancient document, fragment of a highly treasured relic" can be seen in the early stage of human society has existed. And in 80s the last century in the field of research on children's cognitive development on the rise of the third wave around "study on the psychological theory and discussion, with a" gander "means the individual development of lie, a big step forward, from the face of faith layer defining problems lie and inject fresh blood.
Lie within moral behavior in the range of element is absolutely prohibited, in the general social environment is not being advocated. However, with the moral requirements or social expectations is different, in daily life, "lie everywhere". A large number of studies confirmed that lying is a daily event, it frequently appeared in the US and others or social interaction in social communication, deep influence on individual and society. This effect is positive or negative, perceptions are not uniform. However, there is no denying the fact that almost all of the different culture, different ethnic groups of people have tried to use some methods to detect lies. "And with the deepening of understanding and experience, with the evolution of polygraph methods refined and effective obvious trend.
At the end of nineteenth Century to early twentieth Century in about 20 years, with the help of a medical instrument (more precisely, and the physiological data acquisition instrument) standardization and objectivity of more modern methods of polygraph polygraph (Psychophysiological Detection of Deception PDD) technology emerged, makes the research and exploration of human recognition lies a big step forward. Nowadays, PDD technology in the field of judicial mettle, often appear in the key position in the investigation or trial, sometimes even determines the outcome of the trial has led to a variety of complex problems related to the application of.PDD (scientific), Social Science (SOCIAL), law (legal) and ethics (ethical) and other aspects, including the legal aspects of the problem is particularly prominent. This is because, on the whole, the accuracy of PDD technology has been hovering around 90%, the diagnostic conclusion is not enough to achieve reliable evidence in court The requirements. Secondly, it is lack of scientific theoretical basis of "psychological and physiological reaction and try to not lie between the psychological state and establish close contact, no theory can determine some psychological and physiological reaction because of the" state of mind to lie "instead of other psychological state caused. In addition, a number of studies have shown that the GSR, respiration and blood pressure as the judgment index of PDD can easily be anti testing technology beat.
Cognitive neuroscience in the second half of last century, the rise of the (Cognitive Neuroscience) new methods and new technology development provides the possibility to solve the above problems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) and event related potential (event-related potential ERP) technology is gradually applied in the field of polygraph. The polygraph the ERP P300 technology in talent shows itself as a basic composition, and in 2000 for the first time applied to a real trial. But in fact, P300 polygraph technology is still in the stage of basic research, the polygraph paradigm, theoretical basis, diagnosis of guilt or innocence specific indicators and the correct rate, the anti testing capability and other issues has not been solved. In addition, as a branch of applied psychology research from legal psychology, for future judicial practice should be based on the basic service of this study Therefore, the feasibility of P300 lie detection technology in practice and the difficulties that PDD technology has been widely applied in practice is also a problem that this research will face.
Based on the above understanding, the research in crime scene simulation (mock crime scenario) based on the research method is improved, and as a detection event, conducted a series of studies consisted of 4 sub studies. Study found that: the crime scene and real case scenario simulation (real crime situation) between the gap can not be ignored the crime scene simulation research methods have weakness; and the improved method on the basis of the obtained P300 components of what we expected and confirmed the feasibility of P300 PDD and P300 polygraph; polygraph technology relies on the basic psychological mechanism should be "significant effect (significance effect)" attention mechanism caused by the best; the P300 paradigm is three polygraph paradigm, and the subjects were required to target and non target stimulus response; P300 polygraph does have a good anti - anti testing effect, and may have a higher "Hit rate" and "missing report rate", which is a more acceptable situation for the unavoidable mistakes in the judicial context. Therefore, the application of P300 lie detection technology in judicial practice is not far away.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D918.5

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