有组织犯罪的概念、成因及对策

发布时间：2018-04-18 09:05

本文选题：有组织犯罪 + 刑事政策　；参考：《西南政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 有组织犯罪是一种极其严重的犯罪现象,它严重破坏社会的稳定,阻碍经济的发展和社会文明的进步,已经引起世界各国和国际社会的高度重视。各国及国际社会对有组织犯罪问题也做了大量的研究,对于有组织犯罪问题的研究,不仅是在于探究其理论意义,更在于对现实的关注。本文运用比较的方法探讨了有组织犯罪的概念,并提出自己的观点;通过理论与现实案例相结合的方法,分析了有组织犯罪的成因,进而提出了预防和惩治有组织犯罪的刑事政策对策、法律对策、国际合作对策,以及其他一系列旨在治本的对策等。文章共分为三大部分,具体内容如下: 第一部分探讨了有组织犯罪的概念问题。首先介绍了各国立法对于有组织犯罪的概念的界定,并对其作了相应的比较与分析,指出其优势与不足;接着介绍了各国学术界对有组织犯罪的概念的界定,并加以分析;在分析与比较的基础上提出有组织犯罪的概念,认为有组织犯罪是指以非法获取经济利益为目的,由5人或5人以上组成的组织结构严谨、等级森严且长期相对稳定,有组织的采取暴力或以暴力相威胁为后盾、拥有雄厚的经济实力,并借助于“保护伞”的保护的组织故意实施的犯罪活动。指出有组织犯罪必须同时具备以下特征:1.从目的上来讲,必须是以非法获取经济利益为目的;2.在组织结构和规模上,由5人或5人以上组成,内部组织结构严谨、等级森严,形成一个“金字塔”式的权力分布体系;3.往往有“保护伞”对其犯罪活动进行庇护;4.在犯罪手段和方式上,具有暴力性的特征;5.在稳定性上,一般是长期存在,成员基本固定;6.该类组织一般都有较为雄厚的经济实力。在此基础上界定了黑社会(性质)组织仅仅是有组织犯罪的一种形态,区分了有组织犯罪与恐怖主义组织、邪教组织犯罪。这些界定基本上反映了各国对有组织犯罪的共识,同时也反映了当前有组织犯罪的形势。第二部分结合现实,选取典型案例分析了有组织犯罪的政治成因、经济成因、社会成因、个体成因。认为恶劣的政治气候、经济利益的驱使、社会现代化带来的贫富差距,人际疏离、家庭解组问题、个体生理瑕疵等因素交互作用,促成了有组织犯罪。第三部分针对前两部分的分析,提出了针对有组织犯罪的相应的对策和建议。重点介绍了防控有组织犯罪的刑事政策对策、立法对策和国际合作对策。首先,对于防控有组织犯罪的刑事政策对策,要贯彻落实好宽严相济的刑事政策,要求对有组织犯罪做到依法严惩,司法机关必须恪守罪刑法定原则,严格依照相关法律的规定,不能为了片面追求社会秩序之稳定、追求惩恶的客观效果而擅自曲解“宽严相济”刑事政策的应有之义,打击有组织犯罪“依法”与“严惩”二者协调统一,缺一不可。切忌搞“一刀切”,将相互之间联系不多或者偶有联系的共同犯罪人彼此串联在一起,组合成“黑社会性质组织”,造成不良社会影响。司法机关务必应尽快消除这种错误做法,严格依法将黑社会性质组织与有组织犯罪的其他组织形态,以及与恐怖组织、邪教组织、普通的刑事团伙犯罪等区分开来。其次,针对有组织犯罪的政治成因建议要贯彻落实继续、深入反腐的刑事政策,铲除有组织犯罪的“保护伞”,营造良好的政治气候,这也是彻底清除有组织犯罪的重要途径之一。第二,对于有组织犯罪的立法对策,在分析现有立法缺陷的基础上提出以下建议:1.扩大罪名的设定;2.必须针对有组织犯罪的经济基础在刑罚的设置上加入财产刑,而且在财产刑的适用的基础之上,还应当加强和完善对犯罪组织的犯罪收益的没收和追征制度;3.针对有组织犯罪结构较为严密,不宜侦破等特点,可在自首、缓刑、假释、累犯等规定的基础上进一步明确化;4.加大与之关联的犯罪行为的打击力度。并在程序法上作相应的完善,如借鉴日本的通信监听制度、西方的污点证人制度、加大对被害人的保护等。并从法律适用层面提出了相应的对策。第三,从国际合作角度提出应对有组织犯罪的对策。最后文章提出了综合治理的对策,以期取的标本兼治的效果。
[Abstract]:Organized crime is a very serious crime phenomenon, which seriously undermines social stability, hinder the development of economy and the progress of social civilization, has attracted great attention of the world and the international community. The international community and countries around the world have done a lot of research on organized crime, for the study of organized crime. Not only is to explore its theoretical significance, but also in focus on reality. This paper discusses the concept of organized crime, and put forward their views; method by theoretical and practical cases, analyzes the causes of organized crime, and then puts forward the countermeasures to prevent and punish the criminal policy, organized the Criminal Legal Countermeasures, countermeasures of international cooperation, and other a series of fundamental countermeasures.
The article is divided into three parts, and the specific contents are as follows:
The first part discusses the concept of organized crime. First introduced the legislation for the definition of the concept of organized crime, and makes a comparison and analysis of the corresponding, pointing out its advantages and disadvantages; then introduces the academic circles different concepts of organized crime in the world, and analyzes the concept; organized crime in the basis of analysis and comparison, that organized crime refers to the illegal access to economic benefits for the purpose, consisting of more than 5 people or 5 people structured, hierarchical and relatively stable for a long term, organized to take violence or threat of violence as the backing, has strong economic the strength of protection, and with the help of "umbrella" of the organization implementation of deliberate criminal activities. Organizedcrime must also have the following characteristics: 1. from the purpose of speaking, must be to illegally obtain economic benefits for the purpose; 2. in the organizational structure and scale, consisting of more than 5 people or 5 people, the internal organization structure is rigorous, hierarchical, power distribution system formed a "Pyramid" type; 3. are "umbrella" for asylum on the criminal activities; 4. in criminal means and methods, with the characteristics of sexual violence in 5.; stability, usually exist for a long time, members of the basic fixed; 6. such organizations are generally more abundant economic strength. This paper defines the Underworld (nature) organization is just a form of organized crime, the distinction between organized crime and terrorist organizations, the cult crimes. The definition basically reflects the international consensus on organized crime, but also reflects the current situation of organized crime.
The second part combined with the reality, select a typical case to analyze the political causes of organized crime, economic causes, social causes and individual causes. That bad political climate, economic interests, social modernization has brought the gap between rich and poor, interpersonal alienation, family group problem, interaction of the individual physiological defects and other factors, have contributed to the organized crime.
The third part according to the analysis of the two parts, puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for organized crime. The criminal policy focuses on the countermeasure of prevention and control of organized crime, legislative measures and international cooperation measures. First of all, the criminal policy countermeasures for the prevention and control of organized crime, to implement the criminal policy of combining punishment with leniency requirements for organized crime, be punished according to the law, the judicial organ must abide by the principle of legality, in strict accordance with the relevant provisions of the law, not in order to stabilize the one-sided pursuit of social order, the pursuit of the objective effect resulting from evil and distortion of "Leniency" of the criminal policy, the fight against organized crime according to law "and" "severely punish" the coordination of the two, are indispensable. Do not engage in "broad brush" will not contact between each other or occasionally contact joint offenders in series with each other, combined into" The underworld organization ", resulting in adverse social impact. The judiciary must be as soon as possible to eliminate the wrong way, will be in strict accordance with the Mafia and other organized crime organization, as well as terrorist organizations, cults, ordinary criminal gang crime to distinguish. Secondly, according to the proposed political causes of organized crime to continue to implement, in-depth anti-corruption criminal policy, the eradication of organized crime" umbrella ", to create a favorable political climate, it is also one of the important ways to completely remove the organized crime. In second, for the Legislative Countermeasures of organized crime, put forward the following suggestions based on the analysis of the existing legislation on expanding the charges: 1. setting; 2. must be based on the economy of organized crime add property punishment in the penalty setting, and on the basis of the application of property penalty, we should also strengthen and The perfection of the criminal organizations confiscation and zhuizheng system; 3. for organized crime structure is relatively tight, not detected in characteristics, surrender, probation, parole, etc. based on the regulations to further clarify the recidivist; 4. increase associated with crime crackdown. And the corresponding improvement in the procedure, such as the communication monitoring system, the tainted witness system, strengthen the protection of victims. The corresponding countermeasures are proposed from the application of the law. Third, put forward the Countermeasures of organized crime from the perspective of international cooperation to deal with. Finally the paper put forward the Countermeasures for comprehensive treatment, in order to take effect the specimen and cure.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D917

【参考文献】