城市户籍制度改革的地方实践

发布时间：2018-04-25 21:50

本文选题：城市户籍制度改革 + 地方实践　；参考：《华东师范大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 当代中国户籍制度是计划经济时代为保障重工业优先战略而推行的一套社会经济管理制度，随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立，户籍制度的不合理性日益凸显。户籍制度需要改革，但是又难以改革，当前，户籍制度改革已经成为中国社会运行中继续寻找出路的实践命题。尽管自20世纪80年代中期开始，我国的户籍制度改革逐步成为民众、政府管理部门和学术界普遍关注的热点问题之一，至今为止有关户籍制度改革地方实践的专门、系统论述尚不多见。本文选取城市为研究地域，基于实践分析和理论总结两条思路，对改革开放以来的户籍制度改革地方实践进行了较为系统的研究。基于户籍制度改革的利益视角，本文首先对地方户籍制度改革选择进行了理性分析，并简要回顾了改革开放以来地方户籍制度改革的基本历程。梳理地方采取的主要改革举措，总结了地方改革的阶段性特征：1980年代中央主导、地方执行，1990年代地方探索、中央默认，1990年代末期以来中央指导、地方因地制宜推行。其次，考察了暂住证制度的建立背景，并分别以省、市为研究单位，借助于地方颁布的暂住人口管理法规规章，对暂住证制度在省区间和城市间的地理扩散模式进行了重点分析。再次，从地方户籍制度改革的演进及其时空发展关系、改革内容与效果的地区差异、改革的积极意义与局限性三个角度，对小城镇户籍制度改革、城镇户口商品化“改革”、人才居住证制度、社会关系落户政策的地方实践进行了系统分析。最后，本文从户籍制度改革价值取向、地方户籍制度改革的动力来源、户籍制度改革的地理扩散模式及区域模仿学习三个方面总结了户籍制度改革地方实践的启示。本文提出了以下主要观点：一、地方政府的户籍制度改革选择及改革力度，主要考虑两点：是否有利于促进地方经济发展，户籍人口增长带来的公共服务压力有多大。相应的改革实践往往呈现出过分注重发展和淡化民生的倾向。二、暂住证制度的地理扩散模式主要呈现以下几方面的特征：由省向市等级扩散；时间维度上，呈现“S形曲线”特征，符合创新扩散的一般规律；空间维度上，邻近效应显著，然而影响范围局限于周边“同质”地域；区域模仿学习占据主导地位，创新性表现不明显。三、小城镇户籍制度改革的地方实践表明，市场经济发展是户籍制度改革的根本推动力，表现为地方实施小城镇户籍制度改革的时间和效果与地区经济发展水平密切相关。经济基础最好、发展势头最快的东南沿海小城镇是最早实施改革的城镇，也是改革实施效果最好的地区，中部地区次之，西部小城镇实施改革的时间最晚，且效果最差。四、城镇户口商品化“改革”反映的是地方政府与公民之间以城镇户口为商品的交易过程，这一过程中，获得户口的条件随行就“市”，户口参与市场交易的特征显著：非农业户口的“商品价值”与城市等级和城区位置呈正比关系，城市级别越高，城区位置越好，须支付的相应费用就越高。五、人才居住证制度在具有不可否认的积极意义的同时，其局限和不足也不容忽视。人才居住证制度的实质是以引进人才为目的的工具性政策，，它仅赋予城市需要的外来人才部分“市民待遇”，一定程度上背离了公共服务均等化的户籍制度改革目标；上海市人才居住证制度的实践表明，持证人实际享有的待遇与“市民待遇”存在不小的差距，缩小“市民待遇”差距是亟待重视的问题。六、大城市户籍制度改革过程中，对民生户口问题的关注普遍不够。婴儿落户、投靠落户等落户政策的地方实践表明，大城市对社会关系落户政策设置了若干限制性条件。加大户籍制度改革中人性操作的力度，坚持发展目标与民生目标相结合，是大城市户籍制度改革应该坚持的原则。七、户籍制度改革的价值取向应该定位于户籍身份平等和迁徙自由，两者缺一不可。应该尽量避免户籍制度改革基于现实功利立场，偏离价值取向的做法。八、地方户籍制度改革的动力来源于引进资金和人才、促进经济发展，压力来源于中央政府的安排和当地群众的民生诉求等。地方改革实践表明，由动力驱动的地方改革往往过度发展，由压力推动的地方改革极易半途而废或流于形式。九、户籍制度改革的地理扩散过程，在空间维度上，表现为不完全的邻近效应，即扩散过程中的邻近效应显著，但影响范围局限于周边“同质”地域，在空间上表现为扇形或带状扩散形式，却并没有呈现由近及远的连续波状扩展扩散形式。十、在户籍制度改革的地理扩散过程中，无论从地区政府采纳新政策的行为来看，还是从地区实施的新政策的内容上来看，区域模仿学习都占据主导地位，创新性表现不明显。如何提高地方政府进行制度再创新的意识和能力，克服所谓的“复制模式”是亟待研究的重要课题。
[Abstract]:The household registration system in contemporary China is a set of social and economic management system implemented in the era of planned economy in order to guarantee the priority of heavy industry. With the gradual establishment of the socialist market economy system, the unreasonableness of the household registration system is becoming increasingly prominent. The household registration system needs reform, but it is difficult to reform. At present, the reform of the household registration system has become a medium. The practical proposition of continuing to find a way out in the social operation of our country.
Since the middle of the 1980s, the reform of the household registration system in China has gradually become one of the popular issues in the government and the academic circles. So far, there are few systematic discussions on the local practice of the reform of the household registration system. This paper selects city as a study area, based on practical analysis and theoretical summary. The two idea is to conduct a systematic study of the local practice in the reform of household registration system since the reform and opening up.
Based on the interest perspective of the reform of the household registration system, this paper first makes a rational analysis of the reform and selection of the local household registration system, and briefly reviews the basic course of the reform of the local household registration system since the reform and opening up. It combs the main reform measures taken by the local government and summarizes the stage characteristics of the local reform: the central leadership in 1980s and the local implementation. In 1990s, the central government acquiesce, the Central Committee has been instructed by the Central Committee since the end of the 1990s, and the local local conditions are carried out. Secondly, the establishment background of the temporary residence permit system is examined, and the provinces and cities are taken as the research units, and the local population management regulations and regulations promulgated by the local authorities have been used, and the geographical diffusion model of the temporary residence permit system in the province and the cities is carried out. Again, from the evolution of the reform of the local household registration system, the relationship between the time and space development, the regional difference of the reform content and effect, the positive significance and the limitation of the reform, the reform of the household registration system in small towns, the "reform" of the commercialization of urban household registration, the residence permit system of the talents and the social relations policy are three points of view. In the end, this paper summarizes the Enlightenment of the local practice of the household registration system reform from three aspects: the value orientation of the reform of the household registration system, the power source of the reform of the local household registration system, the geographical diffusion model of the household registration system and the regional imitation learning.
This paper puts forward the following main points of view:
First, the reform selection and reform of the local government's household registration system mainly consider two points: whether it is conducive to the promotion of local economic development and the pressure of public service brought by the growth of the household registration population. The corresponding reform practice tends to show the tendency to pay too much attention to the development and desalination of the people's livelihood.
Two, the geographical diffusion model of the temporary residence permit system mainly presents the following characteristics: from the province to the city level diffusion; on the time dimension, the characteristics of "S shaped curve" are in line with the general rule of innovation diffusion; in space dimension, the proximity effect is significant, but the influence scope is limited to the surrounding "homogeneity" region, and the regional imitation learning is occupied. According to the dominant position, the performance of innovation is not obvious.
Three, the local practice of the reform of the household registration system in small towns shows that the development of the market economy is the fundamental driving force for the reform of the household registration system. The time and effect of the reform of the household registration system in small towns are closely related to the level of regional economic development. The economic foundation is best, and the fastest developing small towns in the southeast coastal areas are the earliest implementation reform. Cities and towns are also the best areas for reform implementation, followed by the central region, and the implementation of the reform is the worst in the western small towns.
Four, the "reform" of the commercialization of urban household accounts reflects the transaction process between the local government and the citizen with the urban household registration as a commodity. In this process, the condition of obtaining the registered permanent residence is "city", and the characteristic of the registered permanent residence participation market transaction is remarkable: the "commodity value" of the non-agricultural account is in direct proportion to the city grade and the city position. The higher the city level, the better the location of the city is, the higher the cost will be to pay.
Five, at the same time, the system of talent residence permit has an undeniable positive significance, and its limitations and shortcomings can not be ignored. The essence of the system of residence permit is a tool policy aimed at the introduction of talents. It only endows the urban needs of the foreign talents with the "citizen treatment", to a certain extent, it deviates from the equalized household registration of the public service. The goal of the system reform is that the practice of the residence permit system in Shanghai shows that there is not a small gap between the actual treatment of the witness and the "citizen treatment", and it is a problem to be paid attention to to narrow the gap of "citizen treatment".
Six, in the process of the reform of the household registration system in large cities, the concern about the livelihood of the people's livelihood is generally not enough. The local practice of the policy of falling into the household and falling into the household shows that the big cities have set up some restrictive conditions for the policy of social relations, and increase the strength of human operation in the reform of the household registration system and adhere to the goals of the development and the goals of the people's livelihood. Combination is the principle that should be adhered to in the reform of household registration system in big cities.
Seven, the value orientation of the reform of the household registration system should be based on the equality of household registration and freedom of migration. Both of them are indispensable. We should try to avoid the practice of the reform of the household registration system, which is based on the practical utilitarian position and deviates from the value orientation.
Eight, the impetus of the reform of the local household registration system comes from the introduction of funds and talents to promote economic development. The pressure comes from the arrangements of the central government and the demands of the people of the local people. The local reform practice shows that the local reform driven by the power is often overdeveloped, and the local reform pushed by pressure is easily abandoned by the way or in the form.
Nine, the geographical diffusion process of the reform of the household registration system shows an incomplete proximity effect in the spatial dimension, that is, the proximity effect in the diffusion process is significant, but the scope of the influence is limited to the surrounding "homogeneity" region, and it is fan-shaped or banded diffusion in space, but it does not present a near and far continuous spread form of spread and diffusion.
Ten, in the geographical diffusion process of the reform of the household registration system, no matter from the behavior of the new policies adopted by the regional government, or from the content of the new policies implemented in the region, the regional imitation learning occupies the dominant position, and the innovative performance is not obvious. How to improve the consciousness and ability of the local government to carry out the system re innovation and overcome the so-called "Replication mode" is an important subject that needs to be studied.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D631.42

【引证文献】