马克思主义犯罪学思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-04 04:43

本文选题：犯罪 + 犯罪学　；参考：《南京航空航天大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：犯罪是由刑法规定的应受刑罚惩罚的危害社会的行为。犯罪学是以犯罪为研究对象的科学。马克思主义是由马克思恩格斯创立的,而由其后各个时代、各个民族的马克思主义者不断丰富和发展的观点和学说的体系。马克思主义经典作家的著作里有大量关于犯罪的论述,马克思主义犯罪学是存在的。犯罪学研究有两大范式:犯罪古典学派和犯罪实证学派。二者的最大区别是:犯罪古典学派主张意志非决定论(自由论)而犯罪实证学派则主张意志决定论。马克思主义犯罪学应该属于犯罪实证学派研究范式,但它不是机械的意志决定论,而是唯物辩证的意志决定论。论文首次从犯罪起源、犯罪本质、犯罪构成、犯罪价值、犯罪原因、犯罪对策等六个方面对马克思恩格斯的犯罪学思想进行了全面的、系统的、深入的研究。马克思主义犯罪学思想主要有:犯罪是在原始社会走向瓦解,私有制、国家和法逐渐产生的过程中而产生的,原始社会中没有犯罪;犯罪的本质是孤立的个人反对统治关系的斗争,是孤立的个人的行为而不是阶级斗争,犯罪的产生根源于社会物质生活条件;任何犯罪都必须要有犯罪行为,刑法只处罚行为而不处罚思想,法典是人民自由的圣经;犯罪不具有生产性,没有促进生产力发展的功能,对社会而言,犯罪只具有负价值而不具有正价值;犯罪产生的根本原因是一个社会的物质生活条件,具体原因有贫穷、失业、贫富悬殊、道德堕落、人性扭曲、社会失范以及法律本身等;刑罚是社会对付犯罪的一种自卫手段,适用刑罚应坚持罪刑法定、罪刑相适应和人道主义原则。西方马克思主义犯罪学是马克思主义犯罪学在欧美发达国家的继承和发展,它运用马克思主义的经济分析理论和阶级分析理论研究资本主义社会的犯罪现象,把犯罪产生的矛头指向国家的政治制度和经济基础,具有一定的合理性和进步性。前苏联、东欧和中国等社会主义国家运用马克思主义的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义方法论对犯罪现象进行了研究,但受政治因素和意识形态的束缚过多,过于宏观,缺乏细致的研究。马克思主义犯罪学思想在当代中国具有重要价值和现实意义,它给我们的启示是:虽然犯罪对社会只具有负价值,但它由一个社会的物质生产方式决定,是一种客观必然的存在。我们应该理性看待犯罪现象,针对犯罪产生的原因,采取合理的应对措施,力求把犯罪降低到最低限度而不是完全消灭犯罪。严打只能起到一时之效,而不是长久之计,最好的社会政策才是最好的刑事政策。只有犯罪较少的社会才是一个和谐的社会,刑事法治应该为我国构建和谐社会作出贡献。
[Abstract]:Crime is defined by the criminal law as an act harmful to society which should be punished by penalty. Criminology is the science of crime. Marxism was founded by Marx and Engels, and the Marxist of all nationalities enriched and developed the viewpoint and theory system. There are a lot of expositions on crime in the works of Marxist classic writers, and Marxist criminology exists. There are two paradigms in criminology research: the classical school of crime and the school of crime positivism. The biggest difference between the two is that the classical criminal school advocates will non-determinism (liberalism) while the crime positivism school advocates will determinism. Marxist criminology should belong to the paradigm of crime positivist school, but it is not mechanical will determinism, but materialistic dialectical will determinism. For the first time, the thesis makes a comprehensive, systematic and in-depth study of Marx and Engels' criminological thoughts from six aspects: the origin of crime, the nature of crime, the constitution of crime, the value of crime, the cause of crime, and the countermeasures of crime. The main ideas of Marxist criminology are as follows: crime occurred in the process of the disintegration of primitive society, private ownership, state and law, and there was no crime in primitive society; The essence of a crime is an isolated individual's struggle against the ruling relationship, an isolated individual's behavior rather than a class struggle, and the origin of the crime lies in the material living conditions of the society; any crime must have a criminal act. The criminal law only punishes the behavior but does not punish the thought, the code is the bible of the people's freedom, the crime does not have the productive power, does not have the function which promotes the productive force development, to the society, the crime only has the negative value but not the positive value; The fundamental causes of crime are the material living conditions of a society, including poverty, unemployment, disparity between the rich and the poor, moral degradation, distortion of human nature, social anomie, and the law itself. Punishment is a means of self-defense for society to deal with crime. The application of penalty should adhere to the principle of legality, adaptation of crime and punishment and humanitarianism. Western Marxist criminology is the inheritance and development of Marxist criminology in developed countries in Europe and America. It uses Marxist economic analysis theory and class analysis theory to study the criminal phenomenon in capitalist society. It is reasonable and progressive to point the crime at the country's political system and economic base. The former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China and other socialist countries have used Marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism methodology to study criminal phenomena, but they are too constrained by political factors and ideologies, and too macro. Lack of careful research. Marxist criminology thought has important value and realistic significance in contemporary China. Its enlightenment is that although crime has only negative value to society, it is determined by the material production mode of a society. Is a kind of objective inevitable existence. We should treat the crime phenomenon rationally and take reasonable measures to reduce the crime to the minimum instead of completely eliminating the crime. The best social policy is the best criminal policy. Only a society with fewer crimes is a harmonious society, and the criminal rule of law should contribute to the construction of a harmonious society in our country.
【学位授予单位】：南京航空航天大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D917

【引证文献】