技术顾问制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 06:00

本文选题：技术顾问 + 制度　；参考：《西南政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 为了有效应对当今科学技术的发展给案件事实认定带来的前所未有的挑战、帮助事实认定者摆脱认识论窘境、顺应人类司法证明活动由非理性向理性的历史性转变以及实现司法公正和司法效率之间的有效平衡,我们必须让具有解决案件专门问题的知识的专家参与到事实认定活动中来。其中很重要的一类专家就是技术顾问专家。技术顾问是诉讼活动中除专家证人、鉴定人之外的不具有裁判者主体身份的技术专家,其既不同于专家证人、鉴定人,又有别于专家裁判者。技术顾问制度是有关技术顾问的实体和程序的规范,是有关技术顾问的资格、诉讼地位、权利、义务、责任以及技术顾问参加诉讼的程序等方面的准则和规范的总和。从历史维度来看,世界范围内的技术顾问制度从诞生到现在已经经历了几个世纪。从地域维度来比较考察技术顾问制度,我们会发现技术顾问制度是一项在世界各国普遍存在的诉讼制度。但即便是这样一个由来已久且广泛存在的制度,我们对其仍缺乏深刻的认识,对诸如技术顾问的称谓等一系列问题还没有达成共识。而且我们国家也同样面临着如何对诉讼中的技术顾问制度进行合理设计的问题。因此,出于借鉴的目的,我们需要将视野转向其他诉讼文化下的技术顾问制度,以期获得解决本土问题的新知识。每个国家的技术顾问制度都与其所在的诉讼制度本身以及诉讼制度背后的政治、经济、文化和历史密不可分,而且各国面临的司法和社会问题也有所不同。因此,各国技术顾问制度都有自己的特色。无论是英国、意大利,还是法国、俄罗斯和日本,这些国家都在其诉讼活动中实行了技术顾问制度,但这些国家的技术顾问制度的具体内容各不相同。不管是聘请技术顾问的主体还是技术顾问的具体职能和权利义务,也不管是技术顾问的诉讼地位抑或参诉程序,等等方面,各国都有差异。但不争的事实就是:各国越来越重视这类不同于专家证人、鉴定人和专家裁判者的技术专家在诉讼中的作用,在诉讼活动中实行技术顾问制度是当今世界诉讼制度发展的一个共同趋势。为了应对科技发展给事实认定带来的巨大挑战、解决我国司法鉴定制度存在的问题,我们国家也同样在诉讼中实行了技术顾问制度。但无论是技术顾问制度的立法还是司法实践都存在很多亟需解决的问题,我们需要完善民事诉讼和行政诉讼中的技术顾问制度。出于一系列的考虑:削弱我国司法鉴定的职权主义色彩、有效监督司法鉴定活动、防止司法腐败、提高鉴定结论公信力、对鉴定结论进行有效质证以及满足司法机关在新形势下办案的需要,尽管在我国刑事诉讼中实行技术顾问制度存在诸多不利因素,但我们应该化不利为有利,建立起刑事诉讼中的技术顾问制度。近几年来学者们对技术顾问制度越来越关注,研究力度也越来越大,但仍不够深刻和全面。笔者在此以比较的方法对不同诉讼文化下的技术顾问制度进行探索,以期获得全新的有用知识。本文的第一部分主要是关于事实认定对专家需求的论述,是全文的理论基础;第二部分是对技术顾问及技术顾问制度基本知识的厘清;第三部分在着重探析几个主要国家的技术顾问制度的基础上进行比较研究,是在前两部分的基础上进一步提出问题并分析问题;在第四部分,笔者将笔锋转移到我们国家的技术顾问制度上,并最终解决问题。
[Abstract]:In order to effectively cope with the unprecedented challenge of the development of science and technology to the fact finding of the case, help the factual identifier get rid of the epistemological predicament, conform to the historical transformation of the human judicial proof from the irrational to the rational, and realize the effective balance between the judicial justice and the judicial efficiency, we must let it be solved. Experts in case specific problems are involved in fact finding activities. Among them, a very important group of experts is technical consultant experts.
A technical consultant is a technical expert except the expert witness and the appraiser, which is different from the expert witness, the appraiser and the expert judge. The technical consultant system is the specification of the entity and procedure of the technical consultant, the qualification of the technical consultant, the status of the lawsuit, the right, and the meaning. Duties and responsibilities, as well as the sum of norms and norms in the proceedings of technical advisors.
From the historical point of view, the technical consultant system worldwide has gone through several centuries from its birth to the present. From the regional dimension to compare the technical advisory system, we will find that the technical advisory system is a universal legal system in the world, but even a long and widespread system, We still lack a profound understanding of it and have not reached a consensus on a series of issues such as the title of a technical consultant. Moreover, our country is also faced with the question of how to rationally design the system of technical advisers in the litigation. Therefore, for the purpose of reference, we need to shift our vision to the technology under other litigation cultures. In order to obtain new knowledge to solve local problems, the system of technical advisers in each country is closely related to its own system of litigation and the political, economic, cultural and historical background behind the litigation system, and the judicial and social problems facing each country. Whether it is Britain, Italy, France, Russia and Japan, these countries have implemented a technical advisory system in their litigation activities, but the specific content of the technical consultant system in these countries is different. Whether it is the subject of a technical consultant or the specific functions and rights and obligations of a technical consultant, or a technical consultant There are differences in various countries, such as litigation status or litigation procedure, and so on. But the fact is that countries pay more and more attention to the role of technical experts in this kind of litigation, which are different from expert witnesses, appraisers and expert judges, and the implementation of technical advisor system in litigation is a common trend in the development of the current world litigation system. Potential.
In order to cope with the great challenge of the development of science and technology to the fact, and to solve the problems in the judicial authentication system in our country, our country has also implemented the technical advisor system in the lawsuit. However, there are many problems that need to be solved in the legislative or judicial practice of the technical consultant system, and we need to improve the civil litigation and practice. The system of technical advisers in political litigation is based on a series of considerations: to weaken the authority color of judicial authentication in our country, to effectively supervise the judicial authentication activities, to prevent judicial corruption, to improve the credibility of the appraisal conclusion, to effectively verify the conclusion of the appraisal and to meet the needs of the judicial organs to handle cases under the new situation, although in our criminal proceedings. There are many unfavorable factors in the implementation of the technical consultant system, but we should disregard the advantages and establish a technical consultant system in criminal proceedings.
In recent years, scholars have paid more and more attention to the technical consultant system, and the research is becoming more and more powerful, but it is still not profound and comprehensive. In this paper, the author tries to explore the technical consultant system under different litigation cultures in order to obtain new useful knowledge. The first part of this article is about the requirement of the facts to the experts. It is the theoretical basis of the full text; the second part is the clarification of the basic knowledge of the technical consultant and the technical consultant system; the third part makes a comparative study on the basis of the analysis of the technical consultant system of several major countries, which is further raised and analyzed on the basis of the first two parts; in the fourth part, the author will Shift to the technical adviser system of our country, and finally solve the problem.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D918.9

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