中德司法鉴定管理体制的比较研究

发布时间：2018-08-02 19:57

【摘要】：司法鉴定结论作为法定证据之一,对于司法公正至关重要。我国现行的司法鉴定制度产生于计划经济时代,缺乏相应的国家立法,始终没有形成统一、完善的管理体制,实践中出现的多头鉴定、重复鉴定、违规鉴定、久鉴不决时有发生。针对这一问题,2005年2月28日,第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议通过了《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》以法律的形式明确了司法部统管全国的司法鉴定工作,确立了司法鉴定管理的基本法律框架和基本内容,具有积极意义。但改革运行五年多来,因种种原因,出现了体制改革未能到位,甚至不协调等问题。为了维护司法鉴定的中立性、权威性,保障诉讼当事人的诉讼权利,必须完善我国现行司法鉴定管理制度。德国是大陆法系国家的典型代表,其法学理论和立法模式对许多国家产生了深远的影响,而我国自清末变法以来,法学理论和法律制度的建设一直深受德国的影响,与诉讼制度紧密相关的司法鉴定管理体制也不例外,深入研究和借鉴德国鉴定管理制度对于完善我国现行司法鉴定管理制度有重要意义。德国司法鉴定管理体制在管理主体,鉴定机构的管理、鉴定人的管理等方面均有完备的制度体系,行业协会管理方面也独树一帜。具体体现为采取行政权力与社会权力相结合的混合型管理体制,鉴定机构的设置呈现集中和分散相结合的特点,对鉴定人资质实行严格的事前审查制度和严格的行业自律管理,这些制度在实践中能有效运作。我国司法鉴定管理制度在法律规范、组织手段、行政权力和社会权力分工、历史沿革和承继等方面与德国存在较大差别,我们在借鉴德国经验时必须注意到这些差异。从我国国情出发,行政管理规制和诉讼管理规制两方面着手,采取行政管理和行业管理“两结合”的管理手段,进一步完善司法鉴定管理主体,理顺管理权限；逐步打破现行司法鉴定管理体制中对“三大类”鉴定业务范围的限制,积极拓展鉴定业务范围；严格鉴定领域的准入条件,统一鉴定人资格标准；发挥鉴定行业自律管理制度的积极性,不断完善我国司法鉴定管理体制,保障当事人的诉讼权利,促进社会主义法治建设.
[Abstract]:As one of the legal evidence, the conclusion of judicial expertise is very important to judicial justice. The current judicial appraisal system in our country was born in the planned economy age, lacking corresponding national legislation, never forming a unified and perfect management system, and the multi-head appraisal, repeated appraisal, illegal appraisal in practice. A long time never happens. In response to this problem, on February 28, 2005, the 14th meeting of the standing Committee of the Tenth National people's Congress adopted the decision on the Administration of Forensic expertise. It is of positive significance to establish the basic legal framework and content of forensic expertise management. However, for more than five years, the system reform has not been implemented or even coordinated for various reasons. In order to maintain the neutrality and authority of judicial expertise and protect the litigant's litigation rights, it is necessary to perfect the current management system of judicial expertise in China. Germany is a typical representative of civil law countries, and its legal theory and legislative model have a profound impact on many countries. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the construction of legal theory and legal system has been deeply influenced by Germany. The judicial expertise management system closely related to the litigation system is no exception. It is of great significance to study and learn from the German appraisal management system in order to perfect the current judicial expertise management system in China. The German judicial appraisal management system has a complete system in the aspects of management subject, appraisal institution management, expert management and so on, and the management of trade association is also unique. It is embodied in the combination of administrative power and social power, the combination of administrative power and social power, the combination of centralized and decentralized setting of appraisal institutions, strict prior examination system and strict self-discipline management of the appraiser's qualification. These systems operate effectively in practice. There are great differences between our judicial appraisal management system and Germany in legal norms, organizational means, division of administrative power and social power, historical evolution and inheritance, etc. We must pay attention to these differences when we learn from German experience. Proceeding from the national conditions of our country, the administrative management regulation and the litigation management regulation should be carried out, and the administrative management and the trade management should be adopted to further perfect the subject of the judicial appraisal management and straighten out the management authority. Gradually break the restriction of the "three categories" appraisal business scope in the current judicial appraisal management system, actively expand the appraisal business scope, strictly examine the access conditions in the field of appraisal, unify the qualification standard of the appraiser; We should give full play to the enthusiasm of the self-discipline management system of the appraisal profession, constantly improve the judicial appraisal management system of our country, guarantee the litigant's litigation rights, and promote the construction of the socialist rule of law.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D918.9

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