论清末民事诉权制度的变革

发布时间：2018-03-10 05:29

本文选题：清末　切入点：民事诉讼法　出处：《西南政法大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：清末修律十年(1902—1911)是近代中国法制变革中历时最短的一个时期,但却是研究近代中国法制变革最佳的切入点。因为清末修律既为民国期间的法制变革提供了较为合适的修律版本,也是传统司法走向近代化的艰难起步,为今后的司法改革积累了经验。民事诉讼法的修订与宪法、刑法、民法、刑事诉讼法和法院编制法的修订同为清末修律的主要环节,具有重大的理论研究价值。本文是从诉权的角度来分析清末民事诉讼法的修订和实际运作。除导论和结论外,论文主体部分共分为四章：第一章是研究清代的民事诉权制度。通过对清代律例、司法档案、判牍等史料的考察,本文将清代民事诉权制度的基本特点归纳为：(1)民事司法配置。清代将细故案件划分为钱案(田宅和钱债类纠纷)和刑案(婚姻家庭和治安类纠纷),并通过州县自理程序来解决,但存在民刑诉讼难分的情形。在民事审判机构方面,由州县衙门全权负责民事案件的审结,但上级衙门对此负有监管的职责。为防止民间词讼的泛滥和干扰审判,清代律例严格禁止讼师的活动,但事实上讼师是禁而未止的。(2)民事诉权的构成。清代当事人的民事诉权包括起诉权、公正审判权和上控权等三方面,对州县衙门的审判权构成了一定的制约机制。(3)民事呈词的受理要件。清代民事呈词的受理要件包括依法确定管辖衙门、符合形式要件、符合当事人要件、符合事实要件(陈述属实)和缴纳讼费。(4)民事诉权的实现机制。在民事案件的受理上,清代州县官通常呈现抑诉的司法偏好,但案件进入诉讼程序后依例由州县官承担案件的证明责任,采用纠问式堂审机制来厘清案件的事实,并以准法酌情的方式来妥善地平息民事纠纷。第二章是研究《刑事民事诉讼法(草案)》与民事诉权制度的变革。在张之洞等督抚的建议下,清廷于1902年初两次下谕修律。最初修律的主要程序是改良刑狱和狱讼。1906年四月修订法律馆在刑讯存废之争后进呈《刑事民事诉讼法(草案)》,尝试引进先进的英美法系为代表的近代西法民事诉权制度。但通过与传统民事诉权制度关系的分析,本文认为囿于司法体制和律例修订(即从律例中析出民事条款)尚未展开,该草案移植西法民事诉权制度的范围存在相当的局限,除民刑诉讼分开制、律师制、陪审制(前三者系民事司法配置)、法定讼费制、人权保护制、民事受案的形式审查制、重大民事案件的交叉询问制等少部分西法民事诉权制度,总体是维持传统的民事诉权保护模式。同时该草案移植的主要西法民事诉权制度缺乏匹配的制度配套,总体是难以独立有效运作的。因此该草案对传统民事诉权制度触动不大,且存在严重立法缺陷。由于存在诸多不合民情和修律时局的因素,1908年十月该草案最终退出法部的覆议程序,其立法地位由法部奏准的《各级审判厅试办章程》所替代。第三章是研究《刑事民事诉讼法(草案)》搁置后对民事诉权制度变革的继续探索。由于清廷在1906年宣示预备立宪,司法独立运动和民事诉讼律的修订开始提速。1907年十月法部奏准颁行《各级审判厅试办章程》,其特点是折中新旧,在基本采用日本裁判制度之时,如确立审判独立制、审检分立制、四级三审制,同时对其他传统的民事诉权制度进行一定的变革,如建立上诉制度、法定讼费制度和审判公开制等。1908年清廷宣布以九年为期实行宪政。1910年2月宪政编查馆奏准颁布《法院编制法》,之后各省开始按照立宪清单编制和筹办省城商埠各级审检厅。由于预定颁布的《诉讼暂行章程》迟迟未见出台,各省审检厅向法部的请示大都是继续等待,无奈之下各省不得不开始对《各级审判厅试办章程》制定变通措施,并制定民事审判的施行细则。从清末新式审检厅的民事审判运作来看,除民事司法配置有所变化外,总体情形与传统的纠问式民事诉权保护模式并无实质的区别。第四章是研究《民事诉讼律(草案)》与民事诉权制度的变革。由于1910年清廷将预备立宪期缩改为六年,1911年1月修订法律馆将《民事诉讼律(草案)》匆匆上报清廷。该草案总体是以1890年日本民事诉讼法为蓝本起草,但在具体制度设计上采大陆法系多数例和最新学说对日本民事诉讼法进行了一定的修正。该草案确定的大陆法系辩论式民事诉权制度体现在以下方面：(1)在民事诉权的构成方面,该草案采处分权主义(即当事人享有的起诉权)和辩论主义(即当事人享有的公正审判权),当事人的上诉权则由控告权、上告权和抗告权三部分组成。(2)在民事诉权的保护要件上,由管辖审判衙门的确定、当事人适格、诉讼对象的特定化、诉讼费用的承担(包括诉讼费用的救助和担保)四项要件组成。(3)在民事诉权的实现机制上,该草案按民事案件的性质和起诉标的额分别设置地方审判厅第一审普通程序、初级审判厅简易诉讼程序和人事诉讼实行特别诉讼程序三种诉讼程序。其中地方审判厅第一审普通程序实行民事案件的形式审查制,并由当事人按辩论方式负担案件的证明责任,审判衙门则必须依照“法则”来判案。由于清宣统帝在当年底宣布退位,该草案并未完成立法审议程序即告流产。通过对清末民事诉权制度变革的考察,论文得出结论：与近代西方重视民事诉权的保护理念相比,清代虽没有诉权保护的概念,但从法律功能的角度看,清代官方对当事人的民事诉权亦有一定的保护机制。在经历了尝试效仿英美法系的失败、折中新旧的历程后,清末民事诉讼律的修订最终走向以移植大陆法系日本民事诉讼法为模本的法制近代化之路,尽管其中不乏坎坷和曲折。在司法实证方面,清末各级新式审检厅对民事案件的实际处理虽有一定的改进,但与传统纠问式民事诉权保护机制并无实质的变化。民国成立后,清末民事诉权制度变革的立法和司法成果全面为北京政府所承继。论文的论证方法包括历史考据、比较民事诉讼法和司法实证等方法。如对清代民事诉权制度的诠释,论文主要依据清代司法判牍和档案来进行梳理,并与西方近代的民事诉权制度作必要的比较。又如《民事诉讼律(草案)》与民事诉权制度变革的关系,论文采用历史考据的方法来阐述其法律文本的法系渊源,并与传统民事诉权制度进行比对。再如对清末审检厅之实际审判运作,论文主要是以司法案例(包括批词和判词)为据来展开分析。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty ten years (1902 - 1911) is one of the shortest period of modern legal reform Chinese, but the study of modern legal system reform China the best starting point. Because of the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China legal reform provides appropriate amendments to the law is the traditional version of justice started modernization the accumulated experience for the judicial reform in the future. The amendment of civil procedure law and the constitution, criminal law, civil law, the main part of the revision of the criminal procedure law and the court prepared with the law for the late Qing Dynasty, has great theoretical research value. This paper is to analyze the revision of the civil procedure law and the actual operation from the right point of view.
Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the main part of the thesis is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter is the research on the civil litigation system in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty statutes, judicial records, inspection verdict and other historical materials, the basic characteristics of the civil litigation system in the Qing Dynasty are as follows: (1) the civil judicial configuration. In the Qing Dynasty will be divided into small cases (case of money and money home debt disputes and criminal cases) (marriage and family disputes and security), and by state and county self-care program to solve, but there is civil case. In the civil trial, concluded by the state county office responsible for civil cases, but the upper government has the regulatory responsibilities. In order to prevent the spread of civil litigation and judicial interference. In Qing Dynasty strictly prohibited Songshi activities, but the fact is not only a ban and Songshi. (2) of the civil litigation. The parties of civil litigation in Qing Dynasty, including the right to sue, three aspects of the right to a fair trial and control, to the state and county yamen jurisdiction Constitute a mechanism of restraint. (3) a civil word. The Qing Dynasty accepted elements of civil words is accepted according to the law to determine the jurisdiction elements include the yamen, meets the formal requirements, consistent with the requirements, accord with the facts (statement is true) and pay costs. (4) the mechanism of civil litigation in the civil case acceptance. On the Qing Dynasty magistrate usually presents anti litigation judicial preference, but the case into the proceedings in accordance with the burden of proof by the magistrate shall undertake the case, the Inquisitory hall review mechanism to clarify the facts of the case, and the appropriate way to quasi law properly settle civil disputes.
The second chapter is the study of "criminal and civil procedure law (Draft)" and the civil litigation system reform. In the Zhang Zhidong governor's suggestion, the Qing government in early 1902 under the two amendments to the law. The main program was originally from the law revision in April and improved prison prison litigation.1906 revised the law hall in the abolition of torture in a "criminal and civil procedure law (Draft)", try to introduce the advanced common law as the representative of the modern western civil litigation system. But through the analysis of the relationship with the traditional civil litigation system, the judicial system and law amendment Limited (from civil statutes in terms of precipitation) has not yet commenced, the scope of the draft process of law transplantation the civil litigation system has certain limitations, in addition to civil and criminal litigation separation system, lawyer system, jury system (the former three Department of civil justice, legal costs allocation) system, the protection of human rights, civil case in the form of censorship, the major civil cases Cross examination system and a small part of the civil litigation process system, is to maintain the overall civil litigious right protection mode of traditional civil litigation system. At the same time, the main process of the draft of the supporting system, the lack of transplantation, the overall effective operation is difficult to separate. The draft is not touched on the traditional civil litigation right system, and there are serious because of legislative defects. There are many different people and factors of law revision of the situation, in October 1908 the draft final exit law review procedures, the status of legislation by the law department at all levels to play the accurate < trial chamber experimental regulation > replaced.
The third chapter is the study of "criminal and civil procedure law (Draft)" use to change the civil litigation system to continue to explore. Because of the Qing in 1906 declared constitutional amendment, judicial independence movement and the civil procedure law began to accelerate in October.1907 law department issued "played the quasi trial courts trial regulations >, its characteristic is the compromise of old and new in the basic, Japanese referee system, such as the establishment of independent trial system, examine the discrete system, four grade three examination, and make some changes to other traditional civil litigation system, such as the establishment of appeal system, legal system and public trial costs for.1908 years of the Qing Dynasty declared for a period of nine years from the implementation of constitutional government in February.1910 issued a constitutional compiledinvestigation Museum played the quasi court authorized law < >, after the start according to the constitutional list and preparing for the examination hall. The provincial capital port at all levels due to interim regulations promulgated < litigation delay without a reservation Taiwan, the examination hall to the law department for most is to continue to wait, but under the provinces had to start on "trial courts of temporary rules and to develop alternative measures to develop", civil judicial enforcement rules. From the new examination department of civil trial operation, in addition to civil judicial configuration change, the overall situation and the traditional inquisitorial civil litigation right protection mode that there is no substantial difference.
The fourth chapter is the study of "Civil Procedure Law (Draft)" and the civil litigation system reform. Since 1910, the Qing government constitutional period reduced to six years in January 1911, amendments to the law library will "Civil Procedure Law (Draft) submitted to the court. The bill was" overall in 1890 is the civil litigation law of Japan on the drafting, but in the specific design of the system. The majority of the civil law cases and the latest theory of certain amendments to the Civil Procedure Law of Japan. The draft of civil law to determine the adversary system of civil litigation in the following aspects: (1) in the form of the civil litigation, the draft mining Decentralization (that is enjoyed by the parties the right to sue) and debate (i.e., the parties have the right to a fair trial), the parties appeal right by the right of complaint, the right to appeal and the right of three parts. (2) the requirements of the protection of the civil litigation, trial jurisdiction is determined by the government , parties'standing, specific object of litigation, litigation costs (including the cost of litigation relief and guarantee) four requirements. (3) in the realization of the mechanism of the civil litigation, the draft according to the nature and prosecution of civil cases the target amount were set up District Court of first instance ordinary procedure, primary the trial chamber summary procedure and the special procedure of personnel litigation procedure. The three forms of the system of the local judicial review Department of ordinary procedure of first instance civil cases, and by the parties to the debate the burden of responsibility to prove the case, the trial must be in accordance with the "yamen case law". Because the Qing Xuantong emperor abdicated in the year at the end, the bill did not complete the deliberation procedure will be aborted.
Through the investigation of the civil litigation system reform, the paper draws the conclusion: compared with the modern western philosophy attaches great importance to the protection of the civil litigation in the Qing Dynasty, although there is no concept of right protection, but from the perspective of legal function, the Qing Dynasty official have certain protection mechanisms of the civil litigation. After the failure of the Anglo American law system and try to emulate the new course, compromise, revision of the civil procedure law to civil law to transplant the civil procedural law of Japan as a model of the modern legal system of the road, although many twists and turns. In judicial practice, the actual processing of the examination hall in the late Qing Dynasty at all levels of the new civil cases, although there are some improvements, but with the traditional inquisitorial civil litigation right protection mechanism has no substantial change. After the establishment of Republic of China in the late Qing Dynasty, the civil litigation legislation and judicial system reform for the government of Beijing for comprehensive results Following.
The demonstration methods including historical research, Comparative Civil Procedure Law and judicial empirical method. As of the civil litigation system in the Qing Dynasty the Qing Dynasty judicial interpretation on the verdict and archives to sort out, and make the necessary comparison with western modern civil litigation system. And as the "Civil Procedure Law (Draft)" relationship with the civil litigation system reform, the paper elaborates its legal origin of legal texts by using the methods of historical research, and compared with the traditional civil litigation system in the late Qing Dynasty. As the actual trial inspection office of the trial operation, this paper mainly takes judicial cases (including the number of words and decisions) as far as to analyze.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D929;D925.1

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