美国宪法军事条款的源流与变迁

发布时间：2018-03-18 01:26

本文选题：美国宪法　切入点：军事条款　出处：《中国政法大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 寻找新的突破口和切入点,扩展和深化处于蓬勃发展阶段的年轻的军事法学学科是所有军事法研究者面临的重要课题。批判借鉴国外比较成熟的军事法学研究成果无疑为我们推进军事法学学科发展提供了一种可资利用的研究路径。在当今世界众多的国家中,美国作为唯一的超级大国,支持其超级大国地位的一个重要的支柱是其强大的军事实力,探讨军事在美国崛起的过程中所起的作用无疑具有重要的理论和现实意义。受制度主义即法制主义传统的影响,美国军事生活被当然地纳入法律调整的范围。法学方法为军事活动提供了稳定、权威的制度规则。在这个规范的过程中,宪法所起的根本性作用不言而喻。宪法的崇高性与军事法学研究对象的特殊性决定了从宪法的视角去解读军事法学的重要性。本文通过对大量第一手资料的研究,运用文献考证法、案例分析法、历史分析法、比较研究法等多种研究方法对美国宪法军事条款的渊源、产生和发展进行了系统的论述,试图从宪法的角度还原“真实的”美国军事法的发展历程和现状,同时兼及分析军事法研究领域中一些重大理论问题,以求深化军事法学的研究。同时笔者还想通过美国宪法军事条款的研究,加深我们对于军事规律的认识,并从一个独特的角度寻求国家长远性的发展的一种理论性支撑。以历时性社会发展为视角,本文分为三大部分: 第一部分论述了美国宪法军事条款的渊源。欧洲立宪理论为美国宪法军事条款的产生提供了理论上的支撑,它使制宪者明白,权力的存在必须受到制衡,不受约束的权力必将导致权力的滥用,尤其是军事权力的创设、保障和控制更应遵循这一原则。同时,英国殖民北美的历史,不仅影响到了制宪者对于军事的认知,而且英国的军事法律制度成为了美国军事立法的模板和直接“参照物”。北美殖民地时期基本法规范中军事规定引领下的实践则为美国宪法军事条款的产生提供了实践渊源。邦联时期美国面临的军事形势成为推动制宪会议召开的重要因素。军事也成为制宪会议上讨论的重要议题,制宪会议上代表们的辩论和妥协,最终促使了美国宪法军事条款的产生,这是本文第二部分讨论的话题。在制宪会议上,代表们围绕如何认识战争与安全、应该设立什么样的军事制度、如何提高军事行动的效率展开激烈的争论,最终宪法文本的规定很好地将权力分立与制衡、联邦制和人民主权等重要的原则体现于宪法的军事条款之中。美国宪法军事条款并不是一个完美无缺的政治体制设计,一开始不是现在也不是。美国宪法自诞生时起,就不断遇到严峻挑战,屡次出现危机,实践促使美国宪法军事条款不得不随着时代的进步而不断发展,这种发展不是宪法文本的改变,而是其内涵的重要变迁,这是本文第三部门讨论的问题,包括了正文的第三章、第四章和第五章。这一部分,笔者依托大量典型的案例、重要的立法以及具有历史意义的事件,详细地阐述了美国宪法的不同军事条款在不同的历史时期面临的挑战、进行的修正和内涵的变化发展。通过对跌宕起伏的美国社会发展中宪法军事条款命运的探索,笔者认为美国宪法军事条款维护了美国的统一和稳定、为美国全球霸权体系的形成提供了合法性的理论依据,也成为联邦政府各部门和各种社会力量群体争取其自身权力和权益的宪政基础。同时,美国宪法的军事条款也不断为判例所修正、为立法所完善并为历史所发展。经过两百多年的发展,美国宪法已经从“防卫型宪法”跃升为“战斗性宪法”。战时或紧急情况下,美国宪政机制的各个部门能迅速有效地达成默契,密切配合,并以“同一声音说话”,但在战争的硝烟散去之后、危机的情势逐渐缓和之时或者和平的曙光即将来临之际,各个部门会快速的以宪法军事条款的规定为依据,有效地恢复战时或紧急情况下失衡的权力格局,并使之达到完全平衡的状态,这或许是二百多年来,在这套精妙的宪政框架下,虽然美国不断地对外“玩火”,但难以出现“自焚”下场的奥妙所在。
[Abstract]:Find a breakthrough and a new starting point, to expand and deepen the field of military law in the young stage of vigorous development is an important issue facing all military law researchers. Criticism from foreign mature military law research results will undoubtedly promote the development of military science provides a useful research path for us in today's world. In many countries, the United States as the sole superpower, an important pillar to support its superpower status is its powerful military strength, undoubtedly has important theoretical and practical significance to explore the process of the military's role in the rise in the United States. By the institutional influence of legal tradition, the United States military life of course, to be included in the scope of law. The law provides a stable method for military activities, the rules of authority. In this specification process, constitution The fundamental function of self-evident is self-evident. The lofty nature of the Constitution and the particularity of the object of military jurisprudence decide the importance of military jurisprudence from the perspective of constitution.
In this paper, through the study of a large number of first-hand information, using the literature research method, case analysis, historical analysis, comparative study on the origin of law and other research methods on the constitution of the United States military terms, the emergence and development of the systematic discussion, trying to restore the "development course and the present situation of the real" American military law from the constitution the angle, and analyze some important theoretical issues in the field of military law, in order to deepen the research of the military law. At the same time the author also want to study the constitution of the United States military terms, deepen our understanding of military law, a theoretical support and seek long-term national development from a unique perspective.
From the perspective of diachronic social development, this paper is divided into three parts.
The first part discusses the origin of the constitution of the United States military terms. The European constitutional theory provides theoretical support for the constitution of the United States military terms, it makes the framers understand that power must be subject to checks and balances, unfettered power will inevitably lead to the abuse of power, especially the creation of military power, guarantee and control we should follow this principle. At the same time, the British colonial American history, not only affect the framers for military cognition, and military legal system in England has become the United States military legislation template and direct "reference". Military rule in colonial America law norms provided practical sources under the guidance for practice the constitution of the United States military terms.
The United States faces Confederation military situation has become an important factor in promoting the meeting. The military has also become an important issue of the Convention, the convention delegates debate and compromise, which finally led to the constitution of the United States military terms, this is the second part of the paper topic. At the constitutional convention, delegates around how to understand the war and security, should establish what kind of military system, an intense debate on how to improve the efficiency of military action, the final text of the provisions of the constitution will be good to the separation and balance of powers, military terms the principle of federalism and the sovereignty of the people and other important embodied in the constitution.
The constitution of the United States military terms is not a political system design of the pink of perfection, the beginning is not now nor the constitution of the United States. Since its birth, has faced severe challenges, repeated crisis prompted the constitution of the United States military terms have to practice as the era of progress and development, the development of the constitutional text is not changed, but important changes its connotation, it is discussed in the third part of this thesis, including third chapters, the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter. In this part, the author relies on a large number of typical cases, the important events of the legislation and historic significance, elaborated the different provisions of the constitution of the United States military faces in different historical periods the challenge, development and connotation of the correction.
Through the exploration of the constitution of the ups and downs of the development of American society in terms of the fate of the military, the author believes that the constitution of the United States military terms to maintain the unity and stability of the United States, provides a theoretical basis for the formation of legal system of American global hegemony, has also become a constitutional basis for the federal government departments and various social forces for their own rights and interests groups at the same time, the military provisions of the constitution of the United States also are constantly revised by precedent, for legislation and perfect for the development of history. After more than 200 years of development, the Constitution of the United States has been from the "defense constitution" jumped as the "battle of the constitution". During the war or emergency, various departments of the constitutional mechanism can reach understanding, quickly and effectively cooperate closely, and take the "one voice", but after the war the smoke dispersed, easing the crisis or the dawn of peace: Approaching, the various departments will fast in military terms according to the provisions of the constitution, effectively restore emergency situations of war or imbalance of power structure, and to achieve a complete balance state, it may be more than 200 years, in this delicate constitutional framework, although the United States continuously "playing with fire" but it is difficult to appear, "self Immolation" end point.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：DD911;D971.2

【参考文献】