美国西部先占水权制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 10:38

本文选题：水权　切入点：先占水权制度　出处：《厦门大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在当今中国,水资源的重要性日益彰显,水资源短缺已逐渐成为制约我国经济发展的最重要原因之一。我国水资源地区分布不均,各地问题迥异。东南地区降水量大,但水资源的污染、浪费问题严重；西北地区降水量小,水资源极为短缺；华北地区则面临着地下水耗竭的巨大问题。如何合理的进行水资源的初始分配,是解决以上问题的基础,也是未来我国水资源管理工作的重中之重。目前,我国对于水资源的初始分配采取的是取水许可制度,但这一制度单纯依靠行政手段,不仅效率低下,也极易造成水事纠纷。先占水权制度是发源于美国西部的水资源初始分配制度。随着时间的发展,用水需求不断变化,先占水权制度也逐渐进化为现代的许可制。但传统先占水权制度中的重要原则仍然在发挥巨大作用,不仅避免了行政手段调配自然资源的种种弊端,也使这一古老的伟大制度至今仍具有鲜活的生命力。我国的取水许可制度与先占水权制度有颇多相似之处,通过对先占水权制度的研究；可为我国现行的取水许可制度提供较多的借鉴作用。全文共分为四章。第一章介绍了先占水权制度的起源。先占水权制度肇始于西部矿工的现实需要,随后通过法院的判例被纳入司法体系,最终在西部各州得以确立。第二章对先占水权制度的内容予以解析,对先占水权的构成要素、适用规则等内容进行了详细的介绍。第三章分析了传统先占水权制度的缺陷,并介绍了修正后的现代先占水权制度。最后一章结合我国初始水权分配的现状及问题,对比了先占水权制度与我国取水许可制度,提出了适宜我国实际情况的几点具体措施。
[Abstract]:In today's China, the importance of water resources is becoming more and more obvious, and water shortage has gradually become one of the most important factors restricting the economic development of our country. However, the pollution of water resources and the waste of water resources are serious; the precipitation is small and the water resources are extremely short in Northwest China; the North China region is faced with the huge problem of groundwater depletion. It is the foundation of solving the above problems and the most important task of water resources management in the future. At present, the initial allocation of water resources in our country is based on the water intake permit system, but this system relies solely on administrative means and is not only inefficient. Also easy to cause water disputes. The preemptive water rights system is a system of initial allocation of water resources originating in the western United States. With the development of time, the demand for water is constantly changing. The system of preemptive water rights has evolved into a modern system of permission, but the important principles in the traditional system of preemptive water rights are still playing a great role, which not only avoids the malpractice of administrative means in allocating natural resources. It also makes this ancient great system still have fresh vitality. There are many similarities between the system of water intake license and the system of preemptive water rights in our country, through the study of the system of water rights in advance; It can provide more reference for the current water intake permit system in our country. The first chapter introduces the origin of the preemptive water right system, which originated from the practical needs of the miners in the west, and was brought into the judicial system through the court case. Finally, it is established in the western states. The second chapter analyzes the content of the preemptive water right system, introduces in detail the constituent elements and applicable rules of the preemptive water rights system. Chapter three analyzes the defects of the traditional preemptive water rights system. In the last chapter, combining with the present situation and problems of the initial water rights distribution in China, the author compares the pre-occupied water rights system with the water intake permit system in China, and puts forward some concrete measures suitable for the actual situation of our country.
【学位授予单位】：厦门大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.6

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