吐蕃王朝法制研究

发布时间：2018-03-30 17:39

本文选题：吐蕃王朝　切入点：西藏　出处：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：吐蕃王朝政权非常重视立法工作。在许多吐蕃文献的记载中,《吐蕃基础三十六制》和“吐蕃三律”都作为吐蕃王朝时期最重要的法制建设成就而受到高度关注。这固然反映了吐蕃王朝法制建设的基本特点,然而却缺少关于吐蕃王朝时期法制建设的系统认识。本文以权威的吐蕃社会历史文献为基础,试图从纵向和横向两个维度全面认识吐蕃王朝时期法制建设的概况。为此,论文的主体部分首先对吐蕃王朝的社会历史进行了简要梳理,以此作为其法制建设进程的历史框架。在历史梳理中,我们贯彻了两个原则：第一,尽可能以《贤者喜宴》为历史主线,并与敦煌吐蕃历史文献两相对照：第二,吐蕃王朝时期的历史事件非常多,我们主要选取与其法制建设相关的事件稍作叙述。其次,本文对吐蕃王朝法律的渊源展开探讨,这也是认识吐蕃王朝法制建设的前提和基础。法律的渊源主要是指它的效力渊源,效力渊源又决定着法律的形式,二者存在一定程度的关联。吐蕃王朝时期的法律,其效力主要来自以下几个方面：一是赞普的权威；二是制定法的效力；三是主要尚论大臣的权威；四是盟誓仪式的效力；五是宗教的权威；等等。这些在当时都构成了法律效力的渊源。与此相适应,吐蕃王朝的法律形式也就出现了赞普诏令、制定法、盟誓誓词、大尚论诏令、宗教教规和习惯法等几种。这些形式都是我们认识吐蕃王朝法律的参考,但是基于不同法律形式的特点,我们的研究主要以制定法作为对象,兼用其它法律形式作为补充。吐蕃王朝法制建设的历史过程,是我们开展其法制研究的重点之一。吐蕃王朝的法制建设史主要分为三个阶段：第一阶段是吐蕃王朝法制建设的初创时期,主要以建立法律制度框架和稳定社会秩序为核心目标,时间上恰好契合了佛教正式传入吐蕃以前以松赞干布为代表的几任赞普时期；第二阶段是吐蕃王朝法制建设的成熟时期,其法制建设以维护奴隶社会的阶级利益为主要任务,奴隶制的法律框架从形式到内容都臻于完善,时间上以赤松德赞赞普时期为主,也恰好是佛教在吐蕃境内得到广泛传播之时；第三阶段是吐蕃王朝法制建设的没落时期。由于吐蕃社会矛盾的积累,奴隶制度的日益腐朽,吐蕃王朝的法制建设渐行衰落,并沦为权力斗争和宗教斗争的工具,最终导致吐蕃王朝的瓦解。吐蕃王朝时期的主要法律规范,是认识吐蕃王朝法律的基本内容,也是开展吐蕃王朝法制研究的最主要方面。《吐蕃基础三十六制》,其内容丰富,形式独特,是整个吐蕃王朝法制建设成就的集中体现。我们认为,《吐蕃基础三十六制》就是当时具有诸法合体的法典性质的吐蕃王朝法律集成,其法律形式带有浓厚的原始特色。按照现代法学的分类,我们又从民事、行政和刑事三个方面来解读当时的主要法律规范。这种分类虽然未免有些过于主观,但对于认识当时法律现象的本质还是有意义的。吐蕃王朝时期的民事法律规范,可以从以下几个方面来理解：一是它的物权制度。主要是指土地、牧场和奴户等生产资料的所有权和占有权制度,以及其它生活资料的所有权制度。其主要特色是重要生产资料的王室所有和不同民事主体的占有相结合。二是吐蕃王朝的债权制度。我们依债权的形成原因,可以把当时的债权分为契约之债和侵权行为之债。吐蕃王朝时期的契约制度发展的相当成熟,契约在借贷和买卖等领域的应用也很广泛。三是吐蕃王朝的婚姻家庭和继承制度。吐蕃王朝婚姻家庭的主要特点是多种婚姻形式的并存和转房制度的形成,固定的亲系关系基本形成；在继承制度方面,继承的范围、顺序和标的已经形成并具有鲜明特色。与同期的其它地区相似,吐蕃王朝的行政法律规范发展的也相对滞后。在行政法律领域,仅有的一些规定主要集中于行政区划的规定、行政机构的设置,以及行政职官制度等几个方面。以现代行政法的眼光来看,这些内容要么实际上不属于行政法律规范的范畴,要么也不是行政法律规范的主要内容。而关于行政法核心的行政行为部分,则没有相关的法律文件专门提及。但是,为了全面展现吐蕃王朝时期行政管理领域的基本规范,我们对相关社会历史文献进行了整理,总结出了一些关于行政管理行为的规范,并与以上行政法律规范一并加以论述。吐蕃王朝的刑事法律规范,是其法律规范体系中特色比较鲜明的部分。这种特色首先体现在它的刑事法律原则上,等级特权原则和株连原则在吐蕃王朝时期的刑事法律领域被发挥的淋漓尽致。其次,在犯罪的构成方面,吐蕃王朝刑事法律规范极为重视犯罪的主观方面,发誓成为判断主观意图的重要形式。犯罪的客体也是当时决定定罪量刑的主要依据,而对犯罪的客观方面则没有足够的关注。第三,吐蕃王朝的刑罚历来以严酷著称。不仅象死刑、流刑、肉刑、财产刑等主要刑罚的类型普遍得到适用,而且在这些刑罚的施刑方式上,多种极为残酷的手段屡见不鲜。综观吐蕃王朝的法制建设过程,其诸多特点值得关注。首先从法律形式上看,吐蕃王朝的法律具有明显的过渡性和初创性。再从其法制建设的进程来看,不仅从总体上表现出先快后慢的特点,而且其不同阶段法制建设的目标也有着相当大的差距。第三,从吐蕃王朝法律规范的内容上看,其结构上的分布规律是：民事法律规范发展充分、行政法律规范发展滞后、刑事法律规范特色鲜明。
[Abstract]:The Tubo dynasty regime attached great importance to the legislative work . In the records of many Tubo documents , the Thirty - six System of Tubo and the Three Laws of Tubo have been highly concerned as the most important legal construction achievements during Tubo Dynasty . This reflects the basic characteristics of the legal construction of Tubo Dynasty , but lacks the systematic understanding of the construction of legal system in Tubo Dynasty .

Based on the historical literature of Tubo Dynasty , this paper attempts to fully understand the general situation of legal construction in Tubo Dynasty from both longitudinal and lateral dimensions . In this paper , the main part of this paper is to summarize the social history of Tubo dynasty .
The second is the effectiveness of the law ;
The third is the authority of the minister ;
The fourth is the validity of the solemn ceremony ;
Fifth , the authority of religion ;
These forms are the reference to the laws of Tubo Dynasty , but on the basis of the characteristics of different legal forms , our research is mainly based on the development of law as an object , and is supplemented by other forms of law .

The historical process of the legal system construction of Tubo Dynasty is one of the key points for us to carry out its legal system research . The construction history of the Tubo dynasty is divided into three stages : the first stage is the initial period of the legal system construction of Tubo Dynasty , mainly based on the establishment of the legal system framework and the stable social order as the core objective , and the time has coincided with the time that Buddhism was formally introduced to the Tubo , which was the representative of the Song Dynasty ;
The second stage is the mature period of the legal construction of Tubo Dynasty , its legal system is constructed to safeguard the class interests of the slave society as the main task , the legal framework of slavery is perfected from the form to the content , and the time is mainly in the period of the reign of the Republic of the Republic of the red pine , and the Buddhism is widely disseminated in the territory of Tubo .
The third stage is the decline of the legal system construction of Tubo Dynasty . Because of the accumulation of social contradictions in Tubo , the increasing decay of the slavery system , the gradual decline of the legal construction of the Tubo dynasty , and the tool of power struggle and religious struggle , finally led to the collapse of the Tubo dynasty .

On the basis of the classification of modern jurisprudence , we can understand the main legal norms of the Tubo dynasty . The main characteristics of this classification are the marriage and family and inheritance system of Tubo Dynasty .
In the area of administrative law , there is no special reference to the administrative law norms of Tubo dynasty .

In the process of legal construction of Tubo Dynasty , it is worth paying attention . First , from the legal form , the law of Tubo dynasty has obvious transitional and primary nature . From the process of its legal construction , it not only shows the characteristics of slow but slow but also the target of legal construction in different stages . Third , from the content of the legal norm of Tubo Dynasty , the distribution law of the structure is that the development of civil law is full , the development of administrative law is lagging behind , and the characteristic of criminal law is distinct .

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D929

【参考文献】