美国土地开发者负担政策及其司法审查议题——基于规制国家的视角

发布时间：2018-04-14 01:10

本文选题：开发者负担 + 规制性征收　；参考：《环球法律评论》2013年03期

【摘要】：开发者负担制度作为美国土地规制政策中的重要规制工具,其实现了公共建设任务由国家转移至私人开发主体的制度功能。但是,从司法审查的角度而言,开发者负担制度尽管具备诸多规制国家层面下的制度优势,其将国家义务强制转移至私人的制度特征,却可能触动联邦以及各州宪法中的"公共补偿条款",从而构成一种"规制性征收"。据此,联邦最高法院通过诸多判例生成的标准,亦旨在拘束开发者负担制度这一规制政策的过度影响。通过考察,实践中这些过度形式化的司法标准并未产生预期的效果,况且考虑州层面民主过程对开发负担政策的立法拘束,地方竞争压力的替代性拘束效果等等,诸多因素的叠加将使得司法对于地方土地规制政策的过分拘束显得十分突兀,并且放置于现代规制国家的大背景下,司法审查在其中扮演的制度角色远没有预想中的那般重要。通过对美国开发者负担土地政策的梳理,也为当代中国公共设施配建政策的完善,提供了比较法上的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:As an important regulatory tool in the land regulation policy of the United States, the developer burden system realizes the institutional function of transferring the public construction task from the state to the private developer.However, from the perspective of judicial review, although the developer burden system has many institutional advantages under the regulation of the national level, it has the institutional characteristics of compulsory transfer of state obligations to private individuals.But it may touch the "public compensation clause" in the federal and state constitutions, thus constituting a kind of "regulatory expropriation".Accordingly, the standards generated by the Federal Supreme Court through many cases are also aimed at restricting the excessive influence of the regulation policy of the developer burden system.Through investigation, these excessively formalized judicial standards have not produced the expected effect in practice. Moreover, considering the legislative restraint of the democratic process at the state level on the development burden policy, the alternative binding effect of the local competition pressure, and so on,The superposition of many factors will make the excessive restraint of the local land regulation policy appear very abrupt and placed in the background of the modern regulatory country. The role of judicial review in the system is far less important than expected.Through combing the American developer burden land policy, it also provides the reference meaning in the comparative law for the perfection of the public facilities allocation policy in contemporary China.
【作者单位】：上海交通大学凯原法学院;纽约大学法学院;
【基金】：上海市哲学社会科学规划课题“给付行政背景下中国住房保障法律制度研究”(课题批准号:2011BFX008)的阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：D971.2

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