尼德兰联省共和国宪政剖析

发布时间：2018-04-24 09:32

本文选题：宪政 + 联邦制　；参考：《山东师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 纪录片《大国崛起》中有一句富有哲理的解说词:“大海总是在最平静的地方掀起波涛。历史像大海,总是在最让人意想不到的地方创造奇迹。”16-17世纪的欧洲正处于绝对君主主义大行其道的时代,此时的欧洲各国纷纷建立起了以个人专权为核心特征的君主专制制度。然而,偏处欧洲西北一隅的尼德兰(荷兰)却通过一场反对西班牙殖民统治的资产阶级革命,出人意料地缔造了一个崭新的共和国,并以其联省共和宪政的独特风采构成了现代民族国家宪政大潮的历史前奏和序曲。鉴于该国在欧洲乃至世界宪政史上无可取代的历史地位,本文拟对尼德兰联省共和宪政作一专门探讨。文章内容主要分为四个部分。第一部分,论述了尼德兰联省共和宪政的起源。首先,阐述了尼德兰地区自古罗马统治时代至哈布斯堡王朝统治时代的政治发展史及尼德兰联省共和国的建国历程。其次,简要介绍了“乌特勒支同盟”的建立过程,分析了其宪政意义;该同盟以明文规定的盟约形式确立了尼德兰联省共和国联邦制的国家结构形式和协商共治式的政治运行模式,标志着尼德兰联省共和宪政的建立。第二部分,考察了尼德兰联省共和宪政的政治结构。共和国的政治结构分为市镇、省、联省三个层级。市镇层级内,各市镇按照传统实行自治,并设有市镇议会,由市政官、法官和警察官组成的地方治安团,市镇议长等机构。其中,市镇议会是市镇的核心权力机构,享有对市镇内政治、经济、司法、军事等事务的全面管辖权;由市政官、法官和警察官组成的地方治安团是市镇议会最重要的职能机构,市政官主要负责行使行政性事务的管辖权,法官主要负责各类案件管辖权,警察官主要负责治安和刑事公诉事务的管辖权;市镇议长作为市镇议会内唯一的会议组织者、发言人和记录员,权力很大。在市镇内,只有摄政家族能参与政治生活,普通市民无参政议政权。省层级内,各省普遍按照传统实行自治,主要设有省议会、执政、省议长、省执行委员会、省法院等机构。省议会是省的最高权力机构,享有省内各项事务的管辖权和所有重要官员的任命权;执政在性质上是共和国为应对外部军事威胁和纠正内部摄政家族统治失误而设置的应急性的机构;省议长负责提出法制建设和政策拟定的倡议;省执行委员会负责法律执行、财政开支核算、军费筹集;省法院主要行使刑事案件的上诉管辖权和对当事人选择起诉至省法院的民事案件的司法管辖权。省政治活动的参与者是“有投票权”的市镇和贵族团体,“无投票权”的市镇不能参与。联省层级内,设有联省议会、联省议事会、联省财政署等机构。联省不设法院,但联省议事会有少量军事、财政案件的司法管辖权。其中,联省议会是核心权力机构,享有联省层级内的外交、政治、经济、军事等事务的管辖权;联省议事会是联省议会最主要的辅助和执行机构,主要负责财政税收的核算与分配、公地管理、联省军事和财政案件的司法审判权等;联省财政署主要负责联省的各项财务收支核算、收取各省分担的军事预算并向联省议会报告实际支付情况。七省是联省政治活动的主要参加者,公地等无权参加。第三部分,剖析了尼德兰联省共和宪政的内在机制。分权制衡原则是尼德兰联省共和宪政得以形成的根本,同时也是尼德兰联省共和宪政的内在机制。该原则的根本特征是将国家权力分立为若干部分,并使各部分权力之间能够相互监督和制约,从而达到限制国家权力和保障人权的根本目的。共和国分权制衡原则的成因主要有:第一,直接原因是“结盟”的建国模式;第二,根本原因是各政治势力利益方面的多元冲突。共和国内,分权制衡原则的内容主要包括联邦制下的权力分立制衡和政治派系间的权力分立制衡。第四部分,分析了尼德兰联省共和宪政的特点及其局限性。其特点主要包括:第一,具有在政治运行模式上典型的“协商共治”特色;第二,具有鲜明的宗教宽容和政教分离的特点。局限性主要包括:第一,分权不合理,表现为横向不分权和纵向分权不均衡;第二,民主有限和法治含量比较低。
[Abstract]:The documentary "the rise of the country" has a philosophical commentary: "the sea always sets off waves in the quietest place. History is like the sea, always creating miracles in the most unintended place." Europe in the 16-17 century was in an era of absolute monarchy, when European countries were set up as individuals. The monarchy of the monarchy was the core characteristic of the monarchy. However, the Netherland (Holland), which was located in a corner of the northwest of Europe, unexpectedly created a New Republic through a bourgeois revolution against Spanish colonial rule, and made up the history of the modern national constitutional government by its unique style of constitutional government of the United States. Prelude and prelude. In view of the historical position of the country in the history of constitutionalism in Europe and the world, this article intends to make a special inquiry into the federalism of the Republic of Netherlands.
The content of the article is divided into four parts.
The first part discusses the origin of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. First, it expounds the political development history of the reign of Rome from ancient times to the reign of the Habsburg dynasty and the founding history of the Republic of Netherland. Secondly, it briefly introduces the establishment process of the "Utrecht alliance", and analyzes its constitutional significance; The alliance established the form of the national structure of the federal system of the Federal Republic of Netherland and the mode of the political operation of the common governance of the Republic of Netherlands, which marked the establishment of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland.
The second part examines the political structure of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. The political structure of the Republic is divided into three levels, towns, provinces, and United States. The towns and towns are divided into municipalities, municipal councils, magistrate and police officers, including municipal councils, magistrate and police officers. The core authority of a town enjoys the full jurisdiction over the political, economic, judicial and military affairs of the town; a local magistrate, composed of municipal officials, judges and police officers, is the most important functional organization of the town council. The municipal officials are mainly responsible for exercising jurisdiction over administrative affairs. The judges are mainly responsible for the jurisdiction of various cases, the police The chief of the government is responsible for the jurisdiction of the public security and criminal prosecution affairs; the mayor of the town is the only conference organizer, the spokesman and the recorder in the town council. In the town, only the Regent family can participate in political life, and the ordinary citizens do not participate in political power. The parliament, the ruling, the provincial president, the Provincial Executive Committee, the provincial court, and other institutions. The provincial assembly is the supreme authority of the province, enjoys the jurisdiction of all the affairs in the province and the right to appoint all the important officials; in nature, the government is an acute institution for the Republic to deal with external military threats and to correct the failure of the internal Regent family rule; The speaker is responsible for proposing a proposal for legal construction and policy formulation; the Provincial Executive Committee is responsible for the enforcement of the law, the accounting of fiscal expenditure, and the collection of military expenses; the provincial courts mainly exercise the jurisdiction of the appeals of the criminal cases and the jurisdiction of the parties to the civil cases of the provincial courts. Municipalities and aristocratic groups, "no voting rights" cities can not participate. In the provincial level, the provincial parliament, the provincial council, the provincial finance department and other agencies. The province does not have a court, but the provincial council has a small number of military, financial cases of jurisdiction. Among them, the Provincial Parliament is the core authority, and enjoys diplomacy within the provincial level. The jurisdiction of the governing, economic, military, and other affairs; the provincial council is the main subsidiary and executive agency of the provincial assembly, mainly responsible for the accounting and distribution of fiscal and taxation, the management of the public land, the judicial power of the military and financial cases of the province, and so on; the Provincial Department of finance is responsible for the accounting of the financial revenues and expenditures of the provinces and collection of the military prepositions shared by the provinces. The seven provinces are the main participants of the Joint Provincial political activities, and the commons are not entitled to participate.
The third part analyzes the internal mechanism of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. The principle of separation of powers is the basis for the formation of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland and the internal mechanism of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. The fundamental feature of this principle is to divide the state power into the division of the cadres and to supervise the mutual supervision of the various parts of power. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of restricting state power and guaranteeing human rights, the main causes of the principle of dividing power and balance in the Republic are as follows: first, the direct reason is the "alliance" model of the founding of the nation; second, the fundamental reason is the pluralistic conflict in the interests of the political forces. Separation of powers and checks and balances and separation of powers between political factions.
The fourth part analyses the characteristics and limitations of the constitutionalism of the Republic of Netherland. Its characteristics mainly include: first, it has the typical characteristics of "negotiation and governance" in the political operation mode; second, it has distinct religious tolerance and separation of politics and religion. Vertical decentralization is not balanced; second, democracy is limited and the rule of law is relatively low.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：DD911;D956.3

【参考文献】