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哈特“自然法的最低限度内容”研究

发布时间:2018-05-10 19:05

  本文选题:功利主义 + 语言分析哲学 ; 参考:《西南政法大学》2010年硕士论文


【摘要】: 哈特作为新分析实证主义法学的开创者,他的法律思想一直是“建设性思想的起点”1。他采用日常语言分析哲学的分析方法,重新挽救了在二战后饱受批评的实证主义法学,并形成了“自然法的最低限度内容”理论。 本文试图从这一理论观点产生的背景、分析方法、理论的具体内容入手,理解其意图和目的,在此基础之上对实证主义法哲学所受到的指责发表自己的观点。 二战过后,法律实证主义面临巨大的危机,一方面是法理学因为过于枯燥的概念分析而为其他学科所挤压;另一方面,实证主义核心命题“法律与道德的分离关系”受到指责,称其为纳粹政权的建立提供了理论依据。实证主义法学面临着外部和内部的危机,这种情况有可能使实证主义法学从此没落。同样,此时的哈特也面临几乎相同的困境,信奉实证主义法学的哈特以微弱的优势获得了牛津大学法理学教授的职位。但在此之前,他在法理学领域了无建树,哈特一方面要回应对实证主义法哲学的指责,另一方面还要面对外界对自己的质疑。论战在解决这些问题的过程中扮演了重要的角色。 哈特在与富勒的论战中,针对自然法学对实证主义法学的指责做出了回应。他指出法律和道德之间存在有重叠之处,这一观点在边沁和奥斯丁的理论中已经存在。同时他还指出这种重叠是一种偶然发生的历史事实,并不能推断出法律符合道德内容或者说道德是法律规则有效性的标准。巧合出现的事实被确认发生过,但并不代表这种事实总是会发生。此后在批判自然法学目的论的基础上,哈特提出了“自然法的最低限度内容”理论。它关注于法律和道德重叠的事实原因,并指出人类的生存和自我保存是最基本的自然目的。 在分析“自然法的最低限度内容”理论之前,本文介绍了哈特所信奉的两个哲学观念,也就是功利主义哲学和日常语言分析哲学,前者是哈特实证主义法哲学的理论根本,而后者为哈特“自然法的最低限度内容”理论提供了新的分析方法,二者在哈特的理论中都一再被提及,重要性自不待言。在介绍完这两个哲学观念后,本文分析了“自然法的最低限度内容”。 “自然法的最低限度内容”包含有一个自然目的和五个自然事实,它们之间是有逻辑联系的。人在具有脆弱、有限利他、有限的意志和理解力量这些自然属性的情况下,生活在资源不充足的自然环境中,必然会结成各种团体,而结成团体就需要成员之间的平等关系,这样才能保证社会稳定的存在,也达到了人类自我保存的目的。自我保存成为促成人类联合的动力。 在介绍“自然法的最低限度内容”的同时,本文也对之前,对于哈特的“自然法的最低限度内容”理论的不同看法表达了自己的意见。哈特秉持实证主义,也就是法律和道德的分离命题,这一命题决定了实证主义法哲学的性质。另外哈特所提到的法律与道德的重叠部分,是在之前的法理学理论中已经存在了的,所以谈不上对于自然法学的让步,或者说向自然法学靠拢。本文希望通过分析能对新分析实证主义法哲学有更深的理解,并对中国的法律实践有启发意义。
[Abstract]:As the pioneer of the new analysis of positivist jurisprudence, Hart's legal thought was always "the starting point of constructive thought". 1. he adopted the analytical method of daily linguistic analysis philosophy, reclaimed the positivist jurisprudence which had been criticized after World War II, and formed the theory of "the minimum content of natural law".
This article attempts to start from the background of this theoretical viewpoint, the analysis method, the concrete content of the theory, the understanding of its intention and purpose, and on this basis, publish his own views on the accusation of the positivistic philosophy of law.
After World War II, the legal positivism faced a huge crisis. On the one hand, the jurisprudence was squeezed by other subjects because of the too boring concept analysis. On the other hand, the core proposition of the positivism, "the separation of law and morality", has been criticized, which provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of the Nazi regime. Positivistic law faces With the external and internal crisis, this situation may cause the decline of positivist jurisprudence. Similarly, Hart, at this time, faces almost the same predicament. Hart, who believes in positivist jurisprudence, won the position of Professor of jurisprudence of University of Oxford with a weak advantage. But before that, he did not build a tree in the field of jurisprudence, Hart, on the one hand. In response to the criticism of the philosophical philosophy of positivism, on the other hand, there is a challenge to the outside world. The debate plays an important role in the process of solving these problems.
In his argument with Fuller, Hart responded to the criticism of the natural jurisprudence on positivist jurisprudence. He pointed out that there was an overlap between law and morality, which existed in the theory of Bentham and Austen. He also pointed out that this overlap was a historical fact of chance, and that no legal character could be inferred. Moral content or morality is the standard of the validity of legal rules. The fact that coincidence occurs is confirmed, but does not mean that this fact always happens. Then, on the basis of criticizing the theory of natural law, Hart put forward the theory of "the minimum content of natural law". It pays attention to the fact that the law and morality overlap. It also points out that human survival and self preservation are the most basic natural purposes.
Before analyzing the theory of "the minimum content of natural law", this article introduces two philosophical ideas Hart believes, namely, utilitarian philosophy and daily linguistic analysis philosophy, the former is the theoretical basis of Hart's positivist philosophy, and the latter provides a new analysis of Hart's theory of "the minimum content of natural law". Methods, the two are all mentioned in Hart's theory and are of great importance. After introducing these two philosophical ideas, this article analyses the minimum content of the natural law.
"The minimum content of natural law" contains a natural purpose and five natural facts, which are logically connected. Under the circumstances of the natural attributes of vulnerability, limited altruism, Limited will, and understanding of power, people are bound to form groups and form groups in a natural environment with inadequate resources. In order to ensure the existence of social stability and the purpose of human self preservation, the self preservation has become the motive force for the union of human beings.
While introducing the "minimum content of natural law", this article also expresses his opinion on the different views of Hart's theory of "the minimum content of natural law". Hart holds positivism, that is, the separation of law and morality, which determines the nature of positivist philosophy. The overlapping part of the law and morality mentioned in it is already existing in the previous jurisprudence theory, so it is not possible to concession to natural law or to close to the natural law. This article hopes to have a deeper understanding of the new analytic positivistic philosophy and enlighten the legal practice of China through analysis.

【学位授予单位】:西南政法大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2010
【分类号】:D90-05

【引证文献】

相关期刊论文 前1条

1 孙晨;于文霖;;论法律与道德:分离还是结合——读《法律的道德性》有感[J];企业导报;2012年14期



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