中韩耕地利用法律制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 18:04

本文选题：耕地利用 + 耕地保护　；参考：《辽宁大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：土地制度在一国的法律制度中居于十分重要的地位,必然包含着一定的价值取向和制度考量。在一国国民经济发展过程中,农业构成了其它产业的基础。而农业的发展离不开土地,尤其是耕地,所以耕地制度构成了土地制度的核心。通过研究耕地利用、耕地保护法律制度,对中国与韩国耕地利用制度进行比较,分析二者的主要内容,异同点,强化两者之间的借鉴,对于两国的耕地利用法制发展都有重要的意义。从国土面积以及地形特点来看,韩国不适宜发展农业,但是也正因为如此,韩国政府历来都十分重视耕地资源的保护,通过经济、法律、行政等多手段的综合运用来提高耕地资源的管理控制,提高耕地资源的利用效率。为了解决人口增加而导致粮食显著不足的问题,防止农民之间发生土地斗争,韩国政府于1949年6月通过了《耕地改革法》,对耕地进行了重新分配。20世纪60年代后,随着韩国工业化和城市化发展速度的加快,耕地资源被重点运用于工业用地和城市发展用地,城市化的发展也带动了周边土地的开发和利用,出现了土地投机问题,因而韩国政府在该段时间内加大了法律法规的出台力度,如该阶段主要颁布实施了《土地征用法》、《城市规划法》、《建筑法》、《国土建设综合规划法》、《地方工业开发法》、《都市人口防止对策》、《1967—1976大国土建设规划》、《土地让渡差益课税制》等。现行韩国耕地保护法律主要依据《农地法》,该法于2001年、2003年、2006年、2012年几经修正订。其中2012年修订的主要内容为：耕地租赁期限改为了三年、修订了租赁期间的确认与申请代理耕作者指定制度、修订了法律的强制规定等补充耕地租赁保护规定以及放宽农业会社法人的耕地所有限制、规定农业振兴地域耕地收购请求权等。韩国现行有关耕地的法律主要包括基本农地法和相关特殊规范,二者共同构成了韩国现有的农地法律制度体系。其中,基本农地法主要包括1949年制定的《耕地改革法》、1968年制定的《关于耕地改革事业管理的特别措施法》、1972年制定的《关于耕地保全及利用法律》、1986年制定的《耕地赁贷借管理法》、1969年制定的《地力增进法》以及耕地振兴地域、耕地转用申告、耕地转用负担金、耕地所有上限的特例认定等有关法律法规；而特别措施法则主要是指1990年制定的《农村发展特别措施法》。中国作为传统的农业大国,耕地制度在国家发展甚至是政治稳定上的地位是举足轻重的。考察新中国耕地制度历史轨迹,发现自新中国成立之初的土地改革运动到五十年代初期的农业合作化阶段,到人民公社会阶段,再到七十年代末期直到如今,具有重大影响的家庭联产承包责任制度等,都体现出鲜明的阶段性、变通灵活性和连贯性的特征。尤其是在当今,中国政府更是不遗余力地强调农业的基础性地位,适时地提出“三农问题”以及发展现代农业的政策。现行耕地保护法的规范主要包括《土地管理法》、《城乡规划法》、《基本农田保护法》等,具体制度性安排包括：土地用途管制制度、农地转用审批制度、土地开发整理制度、土地复垦制度、基本农田保护制度、农地征收补偿制度。此外,还有耕地占有税等制度。不同的土地制度为中韩两国在土地利用上提供了借鉴的可能。韩国对中国耕地利用制度的借鉴之处,笔者认为主要应包括：(1)强化土地私有制下的国家干预；(2)保护土地承租人的租金利益；(3)借鉴中国的土地税收制度；(4)吸收中国耕地公有的合理因素等等。中国对韩国耕地利用制度的借鉴可以从以下几方面出发：引入耕地产权界定制度、耕地利用许可制度、土地租赁制度。韩国土地利用管理法律制度中严格的土地执法、细化征收事由和补偿权救济方面的内容,土地征收补偿纠纷解决机制等等,都可供中国政府研究借鉴。中韩两国只有在深入分析比较两国之间耕地制度的基础上,结合中国的国情,才能够更好地彼此借鉴,并为其所用。
[Abstract]:The land system occupies a very important position in the legal system of a country, which inevitably includes a certain value orientation and institutional consideration. In the process of national economic development, agriculture constitutes the basis of other industries. The development of agriculture is inseparable from land, especially cultivated land, and the system of cultivated land forms the core of the land system. To study the legal system of cultivated land utilization and cultivated land protection, to compare the system of cultivated land use in China and South Korea, to analyze the main contents of the two, and to strengthen the reference between the two, is of great significance to the development of the legal system of cultivated land use in the two countries.
From the area of land and terrain, South Korea is not suitable for agricultural development, but because of this, the Korean government has always attached great importance to the protection of cultivated land resources, through the comprehensive transportation of economic, legal, administrative and other means to improve the management and control of cultivated land resources, raise the efficiency of the utilization of cultivated land resources. In June 1949, the Korean government passed the law of farmland reform, redistributed the cultivated land and redistributed the cultivated land in June 1949. After the 60s.20 century, the cultivated land was mainly used in industrial land and urban development land, with the speed of industrialization and urbanization in South Korea. The development and utilization of the surrounding land has also led to the development and utilization of the surrounding land and the emergence of land speculation. Therefore, the Korean government has increased its laws and regulations during this period, such as the promulgation and implementation of the land sign usage, the urban planning law, the construction law, the comprehensive planning law of land and construction, the local industrial development law, and the "local industrial development law". City population prevention strategy >, <1967 - 1976 major land construction plan >, land transfer difference benefit lesson tax system, and so on. The current law of South Korean arable land protection is mainly based on land law, which was amended in 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012. The main contents of 2012 revision are: the term of cultivated land lease is changed for three years, and the lease period has been revised. To confirm and apply for the system of designation of the agent cultivator, to revise the compulsory provisions of the law, and to relax the provisions on the protection of the arable land, as well as to relax all the restrictions on the cultivated land of the legal person of the agricultural society, and to stipulate that the agricultural rejuvenation of the requesting right of the arable land acquisition will be rejuvenate.
The current laws on cultivated land in Korea mainly include basic farmland law and related special norms, which together constitute the existing system of farmland legal system in Korea. Among them, the basic agro land law mainly includes the law of farmland reform in 1949, the special measures law on the management of farmland reform in 1968, and the closing of the two in 1972. In 1986, the law of farmland preservation and utilization, the law of loan and loan management of cultivated land, the land Promotion Law in 1969 and the rejuvenation of cultivated land, the transfer of cultivated land, the transfer of cultivated land, the transfer of arable land, the special case of the upper limit of cultivated land and other relevant laws and regulations; and the law of special measures mainly refers to the development of the rural development in 1990. The method of measure is more than.
As a traditional agricultural country, China's cultivated land system plays an important role in the status of national development and even political stability. The historical track of the arable land system in the new China is investigated, and the land reform movement at the beginning of the founding of the new China to the stage of agricultural cooperation in the early 50s, to the public stage of the people, and then to the end of the 70s. Until now, the Household Contract Responsibility System, which has great influence, has shown distinct stages, changes in spirit activity and coherence. Especially in the present time, the Chinese government will spare no effort to emphasize the basic status of agriculture and put forward the policy of "three rural problems" and the development of modern agriculture in a timely manner. The norms of protection law mainly include land management law, urban and rural planning law, and basic farmland protection law. The specific institutional arrangements include land use control system, land transfer examination and approval system, land development and consolidation system, land reclamation system, basic farmland protection system, and farmland expropriation compensation system. In addition, farmland Possession Tax and so on. System.
Different land systems provide a reference for China and South Korea on land use. South Korea's reference to China's land use system should include: (1) strengthening national intervention under land private ownership; (2) protecting the rent interests of land tenants; (3) draw on China's land tax system; (4) absorb China We can draw on the following aspects: introducing the system of defining the property rights of cultivated land, the system of land use license, the land lease system, the strict law enforcement of land in the legal system of land use management in Korea, the refinement of the expropriation and the relief of the right of compensation, The land expropriation compensation dispute settlement mechanism, and so on, can be used for reference by the Chinese government. China and South Korea can learn from the national conditions of China on the basis of in-depth analysis and comparison of the cultivated land system between the two countries, and can be better used for each other and for their use.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.3;D931.26

【参考文献】