中美药品监管中的行政处罚比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 06:42

本文选题：药品监管 + 行政处罚　；参考：《郑州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 行政处罚权是行政机关所拥有的一项重要而古老的行政权力,在当今社会已成为一种重要的行政执法手段和惩处方法,广泛地在行政机关管理社会的过程中使用着。中美两国在文化背景、法治传统、行政与司法体制及立法技术和行政行为实践方式等方面存在着巨大的差异,这就导致两国行政处罚的观念、涵义、形式和程序等方面有着巨大的差异。行政处罚在不同国家的称谓都不太一样,大陆法系国家一般称之为“行政罚”,英美法系国家一般称之为“行政制裁”,由于两大法系之间的巨大差异,两者只是一种相似的参照,而绝不是同一个概念。在传统上,人们一般认为,大陆法系国家的行政处罚多被称作“行政罚”,是指对违反行政法上的义务而根据一般统治权给予的制裁。而在英美法系国家中,行政机关理论上没有属于行政主体之特权的处罚权,他们“尚严格恪守着司法与行政的绝对界限,对违法者给以制裁之类的带有裁判意味的事务,统归法院掌管,从而也就剥夺了行政主体对行政义务的违反者给予惩戒或制裁的权力”。当然,在某些特殊领域,行政机关实际上也被赋予一定的处罚权,但主要限于罚款权。然而,自1887年美国设立第一个独立的行政管理机构(独立管制机构)州际贸易委员会以来,这类独立管制机构被赋予极大的权力,融合了立法、行政、司法三种权威,其中也囊括了对行政相对人的处罚权。到20世纪初,这种机构在美国已多达数十个,这其中就包括了美国食品药品监督局(FDA)。并且,这种处罚权再也不是传统观念中的少得可怜的零星罚款权,而是变成了威力巨大的惩罚权。目前,我国对美国行政处罚的研究还不太多,而美国药品监管领域的行政处罚研究则更是凤毛麟角。本文拟以比较的方法对中美药品监管中的行政处罚制度进行分析,对比了中国和美国食品药品监管体系中行政处罚的定义、法律渊源、处罚方式和程序等问题,希望能够对中国当前的食品药品监管体制具有一定的理论借鉴意义和实践指导作用。我国近期频繁发生的的“三鹿奶粉”类公共食品质量与安全事件是笔者对食品药品监管体系进行思考的直接原因,如何借鉴域外成熟的制度建设经验,健全并完善我国的食品药品监管体制,进一步推动我国药品行政监管的能力与水平已经成为中国食品药品监管机构思考的最大命题。
[Abstract]:The power of administrative punishment is an important and ancient administrative power owned by administrative organs. It has become an important means of administrative law enforcement and punishment in today's society and is widely used in the process of administrative organs' management of society. There are great differences between China and the United States in cultural background, tradition of rule of law, administrative and judicial system, legislative technology and administrative behavior practice, which leads to the concept and meaning of administrative punishment between the two countries. There are great differences in form and procedure. The appellation of administrative punishment is not the same in different countries. Civil law countries generally call it "administrative punishment", and common law countries generally call it "administrative sanctions". Because of the great difference between the two legal systems, The two are only a similar reference, not the same concept. Traditionally, it is generally believed that the administrative punishment of civil law countries is called "administrative penalty", which refers to the sanctions according to the general ruling power for violating the obligations of administrative law. In the Anglo-American legal system countries, the administrative organs do not have the right of punishment which belongs to the privilege of the administrative subject in theory. They "strictly abide by the absolute boundaries between the administration of justice and the administration, and impose sanctions on the violators with the kind of adjudicative affairs." By placing it under the control of the courts, administrative subjects are deprived of the power to punish or sanction violators of administrative obligations. " Of course, in some special areas, administrative organs are actually given certain powers of punishment, but mainly limited to fines. However, since the establishment of the first independent administration in the United States in 1887, the Interstate Trade Commission (ICTC), such independent regulatory bodies have been given great powers to combine legislative, executive and judicial authority. It also includes the right of punishment to the administrative counterpart. By the early 20th century, there were dozens of such agencies in the United States, including the Food and Drug Administration. Moreover, this power of punishment is no longer the pitifully few traditional rights of fine, but a powerful power of punishment. At present, there is not much research on American administrative punishment in our country, but in the field of drug regulation in the United States, the research on administrative penalty is even rarer. This paper analyzes the administrative penalty system in Chinese and American drug supervision by means of comparative analysis, and compares the definition, legal origin, punishment method and procedure of administrative punishment between Chinese and American food and drug regulatory systems. It is hoped that it can be used for reference in theory and practice in China's current food and drug supervision system. The recent frequent public food quality and safety incidents of Sanlu Milk Powder are the direct reasons for the author to think about the food and drug supervision system, and how to learn from the experience of overseas mature system construction. Perfecting and perfecting the food and drug regulatory system in China and further promoting the ability and level of drug administration supervision in China has become the biggest proposition that the food and drug regulatory agencies in China think about.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.16;D971.2

【参考文献】