欧洲中世纪自然法思想嬗变

发布时间：2018-07-28 08:33

【摘要】： 欧洲中世纪是自然法发展史上一个重要而又比较特殊的时期,在这个曾被认为欧洲最黑暗的时期,自然法在宗教神学的遮蔽之下缓慢发展,从希腊哲学家著述中的阳春白雪,不断地在宗教典籍中被神学家阐释,用来为证明上帝、信仰上帝做辩护,慢慢的普及到众信徒的心中。在这其中有许多不清楚和误解的地方,本文在参考当下及历史上众家对中世纪自然法研究成果的基础上,进一步阅读欧洲中世纪部分宗教典籍,试图以奥古斯丁、格拉提安、托马斯·阿奎那的自然法思想为线索,重点把握自然法思想在这些阶段的发展状态及内在路径,并彼此联系,理出自然法在这一时期的发展脉络。本文首先简要交代自然法的概念,自然法的发展阶段,对一些基本概念做出交代,然后分五部分对自然法进行论述。第一部分简要介绍中世纪之前的自然法局面。基于人们对自然的敬畏和泛神的崇拜,自然法在古希腊哲学家的笔下被提出来,并为后面相继而来的智者派、苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德、斯多葛学派所发展。本部分仅对自然法在这一较长时期发展的线索进行粗略的勾勒,不求叙述的多么详细,但求能够为下文写作做一个铺垫。第二部分写奥古斯丁的自然法思想。奥古斯丁通过自己的论述和对“伊壁鸠鲁悖论”的解答,提出人性的原罪,认为人类因为自己的祖先亚当偷食禁果人性被玷污,而背负原罪,引出用法律来制止恶的必要,进而对法律做永恒法、自然法、人定法的划分,指出自然法是为了弥补人定法的不足,自然法是对永恒法的分有。第三部分写格拉提安的自然法思想。格拉提安作为教会法的集大成者,在其《格拉提安教令集》中,论述了自然法的概念,自然法与神法、世俗法、习惯法的关系,使自然法深深融入教会法之中,使自然法获得进一步的发展并深入人心。第四部分写托马斯·阿奎那自然法思想。托马斯通过对因亚里士多德哲学复兴而导致的“信仰危机”的解决,大大拓展自然法的内涵和外延,并通过对人性的解读,认为自然法源于人的理性,理性是人区别于其他动物的本质区别。因此自然法在托马斯思想中成了理性法,代替了以往带有神秘主义色彩的神启法,使理性观念深入人心,使自然法更靠近世俗,使自然法与上帝之间产生缝隙,为之后世俗社会地位的提高乃至文艺复兴做了很好的铺垫。第五部分对中世纪自然法思想进行了总结,归纳了中世纪自然法的特点,并且理出了其发展的脉络。在写作本文的过程中,采用了历史考察的方法、价值分析的方法和比较的方法。自然法在中世纪的发展历史背景有其特殊性,不能将其作孤立的研究,而应将其放到特定的中世纪的背景下去考察,当时神学一统天下,其他所有的科学都成了神学的附庸,在此背景下去研究自然法的产生、发展、演变的过程及规律,才有理论意义。中世纪几乎没有专门的自然法典籍,几乎所有的自然法思想,都蕴含在宗教神学典籍中,这也决定了这种研究的方法。自然法思想在中世纪的保有及其发展的价值是在中世纪之后才显示出来的,从神性到理性,从宗教到世俗,它对人性、对社会的影响具有不可估量的价值。奥古斯丁、格拉提安和托马斯·阿奎那在对自然法论述的时候,有许多相似也有许多不同的地方,他们都对法律进行分类,但是分类的方法不尽相同,都对自然法与神旨的关系进行论述,观点也不一样等等,通过对他们的这些论述进行比较,可以很好的总结出自然法的含义及其发展的脉络。任何事物都是在曲折中向前发展的,自然法思想也一样。在欧洲中世纪,众多宗教哲学家,挟教会的无上的权威,在他们的神哲学著作中,拿各种理论为证明上帝进行服务,中世纪一度被认为是黑暗的时代。然而在这个阶段就自然法思想发展来说,却不乏闪光点。本文的目的和创新之处就是揭示裹挟在晦涩冗长的神学著作中的自然法思想,剖析自然法在中世纪主要发展阶段的状态、内涵,进而总结出其发展的内在理路。自然法思想在中世纪这一时期获得了重要发展,它从一个可有可无的对自然万物的泛神信仰,发展为一个深入人心的关乎人类自身理性的理论系统;它从一开始与上帝的紧密结合到中世纪末期与上帝的渐行渐远,逐渐走向世俗。这一切,都促进了人类走出宗教蒙昧,走向理性,走向科学世界。
[Abstract]:The middle ages of Europe were an important and special period in the history of the development of natural law. In a period when the darkest of Europe was considered, the law of nature was slowly developed under the shelter of religious theology. The snow of the Greek philosopher's writings was constantly interpreted by theologians in the religious books to prove God. On the basis of the research results of the medieval natural law, this article further read some religious books in the middle ages of Europe, trying to take Augustin, gretian, Thomas Aquinas's nature. The thought of law is a clue, focusing on the development and inner path of the natural law thought at these stages, and connecting with each other, and taking the development of the natural law in this period.
This article first gives a brief account of the concept of natural law, the development stage of the natural law, the explanation of some basic concepts, and then five parts of the natural law. The first part briefly introduces the natural law situation before the middle ages. Based on the awe of nature and the worship of Pan God, the natural law is proposed in the pen of ancient Greek philosophers. It comes out and is developed by the Socrates, Socrates, Platon, Aristotle, and the Stoic school. This part is only a rough outline of the clues of the development of the natural law in this long period, not to be described in detail, but to make a paving for the following writing. In the second part, the nature of Augustin's nature is written. Augustin, through his own discussion and the answer to the Epicurus paradox, puts forward the original sin of human nature, and thinks that human beings have been defiled because of his own ancestor Adam's stealing of the forbidden fruit, and bear the original sin, lead to the necessity of using the law to stop the evil, and then make the law of eternal, natural and human law, and point out the natural law. In order to make up the deficiency of human law, the natural law is the separation of the eternal law. The third part writes about Guerra Tian's natural law thought. Guerra Tian, as the master of the law of the church, discusses the concept of natural law, the relationship between natural law and the law of God, the secular law and the customary law in his "Guerra Tian's order collection", so that natural law is deeply integrated into the law of the church. In the fourth part, the fourth part writes the thought of natural law. By solving the "belief crisis" caused by the revival of Aristotle's philosophy, Thomas greatly expands the connotation and extension of the natural law, and through the interpretation of human nature, the natural law originates from the human reason. Reason is the essential difference between human beings and other animals. Therefore, the natural law has become a rational law in Thomas's thought, replacing the old method of God with mysticism, making the rational idea deeply rooted in the people's mind, making the natural law closer to the secular, creating a gap between the natural law and the God, as well as the improvement of the social status of the secular society and even the literature and art. The fifth part summarizes the medieval natural law thought, sums up the characteristics of the natural law in the middle ages, and gives the development of its context.
In the process of writing this article, the method of historical investigation, the method of value analysis and the method of comparison are adopted. The natural law has its special characteristics in the historical background of the medieval development. It can not be used as an isolated study, but it should be put into the special medieval background to investigate. At that time, the theology unified the world and all the other sciences were made. It has theoretical significance to study the birth, development, process and law of the natural law in this background. There are almost no special natural law books in the middle ages, almost all the natural law thoughts are contained in the religious theological classics, which also determines the method of this research. And the value of its development was revealed after the middle ages, from divinity to reason, from religion to secularity, and of inestimable value to human nature and to society. Augustin, grate and Thomas Aquinas had many similarities as well as many different places when they discussed natural law. Classification, but the methods of classification are different, the relationship between the natural law and the tenor is discussed, the views are different, and so on. Through the comparison of these treatises, we can well sum up the meaning and development of the natural law.
In the middle ages of Europe, many religious philosophers, with the supreme authority of the church, took all kinds of theories to prove God's service in their spiritual philosophy, which was once thought of as dark in the middle ages. However, at this stage, the thought of natural law was issued. The purpose and innovation of this article is to reveal the natural law thought in the obscure and lengthy works of theology, to analyze the state and the connotation of the natural law in the main stages of the development of the middle ages, and to sum up the inherent logic of its development. A ubiquitous belief in the universal God of nature has developed into a theoretical system of human reason, which is closely connected with God from the beginning to the end of the middle ages with God and gradually to the secular. All these have promoted human beings to go out of religious ignorance, to reason and to the world of Science. Boundary.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D90

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