比较法视野下的《天盛律令》研究

发布时间：2018-08-26 08:04

【摘要】：本文以《天盛律令》为研究对象,以比较法为主要视角,结合同时期宋律、金律以及西夏末期的《法则》、《新法》等法典,对《天盛律令》进行横向、纵向的系统比较。通过比较研究,以期解决以下几个问题：比较《天盛律令》与宋、金律之间的异同,并分析其成因；通过对西夏律与宋律的鉴别、分析,考探《天盛律令》部分法律制度的来源；通过纵向比较,揭示西夏末期法律制度的变化；此外对学界尚未涉及的部分西夏法律制度进行梳理。本文包括绪论、正文与结语三部分,其中正文包括二至五章。第一章为绪论。简述了本文的选题缘起、意义,有关《天盛律令》的研究综述,以及本文的研究方法、材料。第二章为《天盛律令》的刑罚制度。本章通过与宋刑罚制度比较,考证了西夏部分刑罚制度的渊源。如西夏杖刑借鉴自宋初的“建隆折杖法”；笞刑则与宋军法小杖关系密切；西夏拘管刑源自宋锁闭刑等。西夏刑罚适用充分考虑了国情风俗,如通过籍没刑普遍适用、延长劳役刑刑期等措施来缓解西夏劳动人口不足的局面。此外西夏缺铜但马匹众多,《天盛律令》即以罚马刑代替赎铜,具有鲜明的民族特色。同时本章还梳理了未被关注的西夏连坐、反坐等刑罚制度。与宋、金连坐制度相较,西夏亲属连坐发达,伍保连坐适用不多,有诬告连坐而无举主连坐,这与西夏劳动人口不足以及“贼患”较少有关。与宋反坐采用一般原则与具体规定相结合的立法体例不同,《天盛律令》中的反坐略去了概念与原则性规定,仅在具体条款的刑罚适用时规定反坐,实用性更为显著。第三章为《天盛律令》的主要罪名。本章针对该领域盗罪研究成果丰富,其他罪名研究薄弱的现状,总结了杀人罪、伤害罪、奸罪、渎职罪、逃人罪等主要罪名。通过与宋、金同类罪名比较,可以发现西夏罪名立法的基本框架借鉴自中原律法,如杀人罪中采用故杀、斗杀分类法,受贿罪包括枉法受贿罪与不枉法受贿罪,奸罪包括和奸、强奸,斗殴罪中适用保辜制度等,甚至杀人罪的部分法条直接援引自《宋刑统》,可见《天盛律令》受中原律法影响之深。《天盛律令》的相关罪名法条多为操作性、实用性强的具体规则,而涉及概念、原则、解释等法理性规范极少,这是其区别于宋罪名立法的主要特点。此外受传统风俗影响,西夏奸罪量刑明显轻于中原,是中华法系中较为独特的法律现象。另外《天盛律令》在奸罪立法技术上也有新的突破,如设立告诉时效、规定和奸捕问法,尤其是设立“诱匿人妻罪”,比学界认为的元代首次设立该罪早了一个世纪。第四章为《天盛律令》的主要部门法。该章选取了较有代表性的厩牧法、僧道法、库务法与酒曲法。在厩牧法方面,西夏与宋有不少差异,如宋法多草料配给、驿马管理等规定,而西夏则有凿井、牧人拣选、征收牧副产品等规定。另外西夏牧盈能的设置、置命法的实施都有别于宋法,具有鲜明的民族特色。在僧道法方面,西夏僧道地位较高,赐衣僧道享有与有官人同等的法律特权,与宋、金差异较大。在库务法方面,《天盛律令》立法颇为细致、严密,如官物耗减法中,详细规定了每样官物的耗减率,这在历代法典中并不多见。在酒曲法方面,由于西夏人口较少,酒类消费市场有限,西夏政府采取垄断曲务、放开酒务的政策,体现在立法上,就表现出多曲务法而少酒务法的特点,这与宋曲务法、酒务法并重的立法模式区别较大。第五章为《天盛律令》的司法制度。《天盛律令》中不少司法制度直接移植自宋代律令,从来源上看,既有援自《宋刑统》的条文,也有太平兴国、元丰、绍圣、绍兴等各个时期的敕令；从内容上看,西夏的拷讯制度、案件审理期限、审理回避制、鞫谳分司制、悯囚制度等都存在明显的法律移植痕迹。此外本章还梳理了西夏较有特色的自首制度、责保制度、上请制度与告赏法。《天盛律令》的自首采用“特例规定”的形式,这与宋律在《名例律》中对自首进行原则性规定有明显不同。西夏告赏法也较有特点,其以刑等立赏格的形式规范大多数告赏,与宋一罪一赏的庞杂告赏令相比,更为简洁、实用。本文结语部分,简要分析了《天盛律令》与宋、金法律制度的异同及其成因,同时简述了《天盛律令》法律移植的内容、特征,在立法上的合理成分以及西夏末期法律制度的变化等方面。
[Abstract]:This paper takes Tiansheng Laws and Decrees as the research object, takes comparative law as the main angle of view, combines Song Laws, Jin Laws and other codes of the late Xixia Dynasty, and makes a horizontal and vertical systematic comparison of Tiansheng Laws and Decrees. Through the analysis of the cause of formation, the author tries to find out the origin of some legal systems in Tiansheng Laws and decrees, reveals the changes of the legal system in the late Xixia Dynasty through vertical comparison, and combs out some legal systems in the western Xia Dynasty which have not been involved in academic circles.
This article consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion, including two to five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction. It briefly introduces the origin and significance of the topic, the research summary of Tiansheng Laws and Regulations, and the research methods and materials of this paper.
The second chapter is the penalty system of Tiansheng Law and Decree.By comparing it with the penalty system of Song Dynasty,this chapter textually studies the origin of some penalty systems in Xixia Dynasty.For example,the penalty of stick in Xixia Dynasty borrowed from the "Jianlong broken stick law" of early Song Dynasty,the penalty of flogging was closely related to the stick of military law of Song Dynasty,the penalty of detention in Xixia Dynasty originated from the closed-in Song Dy In addition, the Xixia Dynasty lacked copper but had a large number of horses. The Tiansheng Laws and Decrees had distinct national characteristics. At the same time, this chapter also combed the unnoticed punishment system of Xixia, such as sitting in tandem, sitting back and so on. Comparing with the system of joint seats, the relatives of Xixia developed the system of joint seats, but Wu Bao did not apply it very much. There were false accusations and no lifting of the head. This was related to the insufficient labor force and the fewer "thieves" in Xixia. Only when the penalty is applied to the specific provisions, is it more practical to set a counter seat.
Chapter three is the main charges of Tiansheng Law and Decree.This chapter summarizes the main charges of homicide, injury, adultery, dereliction of duty and escaping from others in view of the abundant research achievements in this field and the weak research status of other charges.Comparing with the similar charges in Song and Jin Dynasties, we can find that the basic framework of Xixia's crime legislation draws lessons from the Central Plains law, for example. The crime of accepting bribes includes the crime of perverting the law and the crime of accepting bribes without perverting the law. The crime of rape includes rape, rape, the application of the system of protecting the innocent in the crime of affray, etc. Some of the provisions of the crime of homicide are directly quoted from . It can be seen that is deeply influenced by the Central Plains Law. In addition, influenced by traditional customs, the sentencing of adultery in the Xixia Dynasty is obviously lighter than that in the Central Plains, which is a relatively unique legal phenomenon in the Chinese legal system. There are new breakthroughs, such as the establishment of the limitation of notice, the provisions and the law of rape and arrest, especially the establishment of the crime of luring and hiding one's wife, a century before the first establishment of the crime in the Yuan Dynasty.
Chapter four is the main department law of Tiansheng Laws and Decrees.It chooses the stables and pastures law,monks and Taoists law,treasury law and liquor-starter law.There are many differences between the stables and pastures law in the Western Xia Dynasty and the Song Dynasty,such as the Song Dynasty's law of forage rationing,post-horse management and so on,while the Western Xia Dynasty has the regulations of digging wells,herdsmen selecting and collecting pasture by-products. In the aspect of Buddhism and Taoism, the monks and Taoists in the Western Xia Dynasty enjoyed the same legal privileges as those in the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. In the aspect of liquor-making law, the Xixia government adopted the policy of monopolizing liquor-making and liberalizing liquor-making because of the small population and limited liquor-consuming market in the Xixia Dynasty. Big.
The fifth chapter is about the judicial system of Tiansheng Law and Decree. In addition, this chapter also combs the characteristic surrender system, the liability system, the request system and the reward law in the Western Xia Dynasty. The reward law also has its own characteristics. It regulates most rewards in the form of punishment and other reward forms, which is more concise and practical than the numerous reward orders for one crime and one reward in Song Dynasty.
In the concluding part of this paper, the author briefly analyzes the similarities and differences between Tiansheng Laws and Decrees and the legal systems of Song and Jin Dynasties and their causes. At the same time, the author briefly describes the content, characteristics, reasonable elements in legislation and the changes of legal systems in the late Xixia Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D929

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