凯尔森的“法律规范”理论与哈特的“法律规则”理论比较分析

发布时间：2018-09-03 19:29

【摘要】： 汉斯·凯尔森和H.L.A.哈特作为分析实证主义法学派的重要代表人物,以各具特色的法学理论为二十世纪的西方法学界的发展带来了活力,而他们的理论也成为在他们之后世界各国法学理论发展的重要源泉。在两位分析法学家的理论体系中,最值得我们关注的一个问题就是,他们关于法律的概念的不同理解。法律的概念是法学理论的一个基本问题,对法律的概念的基本认识是研究其他法学问题的基础。作为纯粹法学派创始人的凯尔森将法律规范作为其法学理论的基本概念,而新分析实证主义法学派创始人哈特则是把法律规则作为他法学理论的基本概念。凯尔森通过规范的观念强调了法律作为一个独立的逻辑体系的存在,为法律科学奠定了独立的基础；哈特则是通过对规则观念的强调,把法律同现实生活密切联系在一起,使法哲学在西方法学界重新恢复了活力。本文试图从凯尔森和哈特对法律概念的定位入手,通过对法律规范与法律规则的概念进行比较与分析,以期能够把握两位法学家理论体系的特点,并对两位分析法学家的理论可以有进一步的理解。全文分为三个部分：第一部分,主要阐述凯尔森“法律规范”理论与哈特“法律规则”理论的基本内容。在这一部分以凯尔森的《法与国家的一般理论》和哈特的《法律的概念》这两本书为蓝本,提炼出有关凯尔森“法律规范”理论和哈特“法律规则”理论的基本内容。首先,论述两位法学家理论产生的思想根源。其次,分别详细地介绍凯尔森“法律规范”理论和哈特“法律规则”理论的主要内容。第二部分,论述规范与法律规范及规则与法律规则的区别。在这一部分首先以规范和规则两个概念为基础作比较,并在此基础上引导出凯尔森对于“法律规范”与“法律规则”区别。其次,论述哈特关于规则与法律规则所做的区别。再次,从不同的哲学基础；不同的理论任务；是否具有“不可违背性”、“主观性”、“系统性”等几个方面来比较凯尔森“法律规范”理论与哈特“法律规则”理论的差异。最后,论述两位法学家理论的相似之处。主要表现在：具有相同的理论基础和思想根源,都强调了法律科学的研究对象是“实际上是这样的法律”,都主张法律与道德的相分离等方面。第三部分,评论凯尔森“法律规范”理论和哈特的“法律规则”理论的作用。由于两位分析法学家面对着不同的理论任务,要解决的问题也不同,因此,他们的法律思想对以后的研究和实践将产生不同的影响。作为享誉世界的两位分析法学家,学习和继承他们思想理论中的精华,同样也会对我国的法学研究和法治建设产生深刻的影响。
[Abstract]:Hans Kelsen and H. L. A. As an important representative of positivism and law school, Hart brought vitality to the development of western legal circles in the 20th century with different legal theories. Their theory has become an important source of the development of legal theory in the world after them. In the theoretical system of two analytic jurists, one of the most noteworthy problems is their different understanding of the concept of law. The concept of law is a basic problem in the theory of law, and the basic understanding of the concept of law is the basis of studying other legal problems. Kelsen, as the founder of the pure school of law, regards legal norms as the basic concept of his legal theory, while Hart, the founder of the New Analytical positivist School of Law, regards the rule of law as the basic concept of his theory of law. Kelsen emphasizes the existence of law as an independent logical system through the concept of norms, which lays an independent foundation for the science of law, while Hart, by emphasizing the concept of rules, closely links law with real life. It reinvigorated the philosophy of law in the western legal circles. This paper attempts to begin with Kelsen and Hart's orientation of the concept of law, through the comparison and analysis of the concepts of legal norms and legal rules, in order to grasp the characteristics of the theoretical system of the two jurists. And the two analytic jurists can have a further understanding of the theory. The full text is divided into three parts: the first part mainly expounds the basic contents of Kelsen's "legal norms" theory and Hart's "legal rules" theory. In this part, based on Kelsen's General Theory of Law and State and Hart's concept of Law, the author abstracts the basic contents of Kelsen's theory of legal norms and Hart's theory of legal rules. First of all, it discusses the ideological origin of the two jurists' theories. Secondly, the main contents of Kelsen's legal norms theory and Hart's legal rules theory are introduced in detail. The second part discusses the differences between norms and legal norms and rules and legal rules. In this part, the author makes a comparison based on the concepts of norms and rules, and leads Kelsen to distinguish between "legal norms" and "legal rules". Secondly, it discusses the difference between the rules and the rules of law. Thirdly, the differences between Kelsen's theory of legal norms and Hart's theory of rules of law are compared from different philosophical bases, different theoretical tasks, whether they have "inviolability", "subjectivity", "systematicness" and so on. Finally, the similarities between the two jurists' theories are discussed. It is mainly manifested in the following aspects: it has the same theoretical basis and ideological roots, and both emphasize that the research object of legal science is "such law in practice", and both advocate the separation of law and morality. The third part, comments on the role of Kelsen's legal norms theory and Hart's legal rules theory. Because the two analytic jurists are faced with different theoretical tasks and have different problems to solve, their legal thoughts will have different influences on the research and practice in the future. As two famous analysts in the world, studying and inheriting the essence of their thoughts and theories will also have a profound impact on the legal research and the construction of the rule of law in our country.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D90

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