法律修辞学及其在法律实践中的运用

发布时间：2018-12-09 16:14

【摘要】： 西方古典修辞学诞生于古希腊的锡拉丘兹,最早的修辞学源于法庭演说,通过亚里士多德的深入研究后,才使修辞学得以理论化、系统化,而且亚里士多德还把修辞学的研究扩大到了其他领域。后经千百年的传承,到现代又经过一大批学者的努力,修辞学重新焕发生出巨大的生命力,如佩雷尔曼提出“新修辞学”、图尔敏提出法律论证理论、伯克提出同一性原理、哈贝马斯提出交往行为理论和法律商谈理论等,都为修辞学的理论发展做出了贡献。所谓法律修辞学,是指在法律领域里,通过论证的方式达到说服为目的交往行为理论。但法律修辞学不是修辞学在法律领域的简单运用,而是更注重于运用论辩的方法来实现说服,使被说服者在某种程度上接受说服。换言之,法律修辞学不仅关注论辩方法的使用,更关注论辩的实效性。在法律这个特殊的“场域内”,法律的价值与社会成员的价值是一致的,符合听众的价值就是正当的。因此,法律修辞学是一门综合性的法律应用学科。法律修辞学包括三个要素:论证、说服和交往。论证是手段、说服是目的、交往是行为方式,因而法律修辞学具有注重场域、重视心理因素、维护利益与妥协性的统一、劝说与被劝说者的平等性等特征。法律修辞学是法律逻辑的一部分,是非形式化的法律逻辑。法律修辞学的运用领域十分广泛,从立法到司法都不难见到其身影、从诉讼到非诉讼都有其用武之地。法律修辞学的运用方式可以分为判服型与非判服型。所谓判服型就是以法律强制力为后盾的判决形式的说服方式,又可进一步分为论辩型与劝服型。论辩型与劝服型最大的区别在于劝服型是有第三人参与的说服活动,而论辩型只是论辩双方的说服与被说服的活动。西方的“替代性纠纷解决模式”(ADR)从美国兴起后,已扩展到英美法系和大陆法系的大部分国家,并形成为一股世界性潮流,其中协商与调解是其重要方式。中国的法律文化传统强调纠纷化解的多元化与多层次化;中国的法律现实中,司法调解既是我国民事诉讼中一项重要的诉讼制度,也是我国各级人民法院依法行使审判权的重要方式。因此,司法调解制度既有法律文化的土壤,又有法律现实的需求。司法调解正是法律修辞学运用的重要战场之一。司法调解要坚持正义原则、合法性原则、以及合理性原则。具体而言,司法调解要把握主动,控制场面,因时、因地、因人制宜,讲究策略。尽管法律领域本来就是修辞学的发源地,但法律修辞学却一直被人们所忽视。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的逐步发展和完善,对法治也提出了新的要求。法律修辞学符合中国的法治环境和法治要求。但法律修辞学的研究还远未成熟,我们仍需要不断从众多的修辞学理论中汲取养分,使这条修辞学的回归之路走得更加宽阔长远。
[Abstract]:Western classical rhetoric was born in Syracuse in ancient Greece. The earliest rhetoric originated from the speech of the court. It was only after Aristotle's in-depth study that rhetoric was theorized and systematized. And Aristotle expanded the study of rhetoric to other fields. After thousands of years of inheritance and through the efforts of a large number of scholars in modern times, rhetoric has once again given birth to great vitality, such as Perelman's "New rhetoric", Tourmin's legal argumentation theory, Burke's principle of identity. Habermas's theory of communicative behavior and legal negotiation contributed to the theoretical development of rhetoric. Legal rhetoric refers to the theory of communicative behavior of persuasion in the field of law. But legal rhetoric is not a simple application of rhetoric in the field of law, but more emphasis on the use of argumentative methods to achieve persuasion, so that the persuasive to some extent accept persuasion. In other words, legal rhetoric not only pays attention to the use of argumentative methods, but also to the effectiveness of argumentation. In the special field of law, the value of law is consistent with that of the members of society. Therefore, legal rhetoric is a comprehensive subject of law application. Legal rhetoric includes three elements: argumentation, persuasion and communication. Argument is the means, persuasion is the purpose, communication is the behavior, so legal rhetoric has the characteristics of paying attention to the field, paying attention to psychological factors, maintaining the unity of interest and compromise, and the equality of persuasion and persuasion. Legal rhetoric is a part of legal logic. Legal rhetoric is widely used in many fields, from legislation to judicature, from litigation to non-litigation. The application of legal rhetoric can be divided into two types: subservient type and non-subservient type. The type of judgment is a kind of persuasion based on the force of law, which can be further divided into two types: argumentation and persuasion. The biggest difference between argumentation and persuasion is that persuasion is a persuasive activity with the participation of a third party, while argumentation is only an activity of persuasion and persuasion on both sides. After the rise of "alternative dispute resolution mode" in the West, (ADR) has been extended to most countries of Anglo-American law system and continental law system, and has formed into a worldwide trend, in which negotiation and mediation are the important ways. The tradition of Chinese legal culture emphasizes the diversification and multi-level of dispute resolution. In China's legal reality, judicial mediation is not only an important litigation system in civil proceedings in China, but also an important way for people's courts at all levels to exercise judicial power according to law. Therefore, judicial mediation system has both the soil of legal culture and the demand of legal reality. Judicial mediation is one of the important battlefields in the application of legal rhetoric. Judicial mediation should adhere to the principles of justice, legality and rationality. Specifically, judicial mediation should grasp the initiative, control the scene, because of time, because of the local conditions, pay attention to strategies. Although the field of law is the birthplace of rhetoric, legal rhetoric has been neglected. With the gradual development and perfection of the socialist market economy system in China, new requirements for the rule of law have been put forward. The rhetoric of law accords with the rule of law environment and the rule of law in China. However, the study of legal rhetoric is still far from mature, we still need to continue to draw nutrients from many rhetoric theories, so as to make the return of rhetoric more broad and long-term.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D90-055

【参考文献】