法律的精确性：一个经济学的角度

发布时间：2019-01-06 12:42

【摘要】： 法律管制是市场调控的替代品,当交易成本过于高昂以至部分有利于社会财富积累的合作无法开展时,法律调控能够较好地弥补市场调控的不足。法律制定者,不同于市场参与者,他们无法从市场交易中直接获利,但恰恰是这一点,也有助于制定者更好地观测个体行为给社会带来的各种效应,尤其是个体行为外在化的成本、收益。法律制定得越是精密,越是清楚洞察了经济世界的行为样态,就越能在细微处协调好社会上各种利益的冲突,维持力量均势的局面。但法律制定过程本身是需要投入一定的社会成本的,这包括制定之前的统筹调查、制定之中的斟酌反复、制定之后的执行力度以及人们对此法律条文予以理解、逐步接受的相互配合。然而法律的精确性和它的制定成本之间又存在一个边际递增的函数关系式,法律的锱铢必较会加剧其自身盘根错节的逻辑关系网,无论是法律职业群体还是受法律规制的公众,都将或为解释或为约束自我行为所累。鉴于社会资源尤其是司法资源的稀缺性,法律在制定过程中不得不优先考虑立法效率的问题。这也就是为什么有些行为被纳入到法律规制的框架内,有些却被法律刻意忽视的原因所在,它涉及到一个成本-收益的比较和取舍问题,而这一切都将围绕效率所展开。或许司法能够代替僵硬的立法弥补规则与法律事实衔接上的不足,“司法能动主义”是司法精英推动社会进步的一种方式,它使法官更多地将自己看做是社会建设的工程师而不是单纯适用法律规则的仲裁者,在浓雾弥漫的复杂纠纷中积极地摸索法与非法的模糊界限。这种仅仅依赖于法官个人司法素质的法律管制在增加法律灵活性的同时却又削弱了法律的稳定性,且司法裁判的结果本身对个体行为的引导作用的大小也将直接决定司法判决和立法在法律管制中所占的比例。 “法律的精确程度”涉及到一些但不仅仅局限于立法技术问题,且在国内很少有人研究这一课题。本文运用经济学的相关理论,对立法和司法裁判过程中的各种因素的相互作用、以及立法和司法对个人行为的影响进行了分析,希望能够对“法律制定的精确程度”这一研究课题从经济学的角度进行一些梳理和论证,并附带谈论一些法理学上的基本问题。
[Abstract]:Legal regulation is a substitute for market regulation. When the transaction cost is too high and part of the cooperation which is conducive to the accumulation of social wealth can not be carried out, the legal regulation can make up for the deficiency of market regulation. Lawmakers, unlike market participants, do not benefit directly from market transactions, but that is precisely what helps them better observe the effects of individual behaviour on society. In particular, the costs and benefits of externalization of individual behavior. The more precise the law is and the clearer it is to understand the behavior of the economic world, the more subtle the conflict of interests in society can be coordinated and the balance of power maintained. But the process of making the law itself requires a certain social cost, which includes the overall investigation before it is made, the discretion in the process of making it, the strength of the enforcement after the formulation and the understanding of the law. A gradual acceptance of co-operation However, there is a marginal incremental functional relationship between the accuracy of the law and the cost of its establishment, and the penny-pinching of the law will intensify its own interlocking logical network, whether it is the legal professional group or the public regulated by the law. Will be either explained or restrained by self-behavior. In view of the scarcity of social resources, especially judicial resources, the legislative efficiency has to be given priority in the process of making laws. This is why some behaviors are brought into the framework of legal regulation, while others are deliberately ignored by the law, which involves a cost-benefit comparison and trade-offs, all of which will be carried out around efficiency. Perhaps justice can replace rigid legislation to make up for the lack of convergence between rules and legal facts. "Judicial activism" is a way for the judicial elite to promote social progress. It makes judges regard themselves more as engineers of social construction than as arbitrators who simply apply the rules of law, and actively explore the fuzzy boundary between law and illegality in the dense and complicated disputes. This kind of legal regulation, which only depends on the personal judicial quality of judges, not only increases the legal flexibility, but also weakens the stability of the law. And the result of judicial decision itself will directly determine the proportion of judicial decision and legislation in the legal control. The degree of precision of law involves some but not only legislative technical problems, and few people study this subject in our country. Based on the relevant theories of economics, this paper analyzes the interaction of various factors in the process of legislation and administration of justice, as well as the influence of legislation and judicature on individual behavior. It is hoped that the research topic of "the degree of accuracy of law making" can be combed and demonstrated from the angle of economics, and some basic problems in jurisprudence are also discussed.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D90

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