《天坛宪法草案》研究

发布时间：2019-05-22 21:05

【摘要】：中华民国建立以后的制宪热潮开始于《天坛宪法草案》的起草，从1913年开始，各派政治势力出于各种目的在议会政治的背景下进行了长达10多年的宪法制定活动。但是残酷而令人扼腕的事实是，《天坛宪法草案》不仅没能为中华民国建立以后的议会民主政治奠定坚实的基础，却还迫使筹建不易的国会被饱受专制独裁思想侵染的袁世凯强硬解散。后来的学者在反思这一部宪法草案的起草经过及其最终结局时，比较一致的观点是袁世凯的专制政治思想摧毁了民国初年宪政制度的萌芽，是民国初年民主政治转型失败的罪魁祸首。民国初年，辛亥革命的胜利让广大民众已经不可能再接受帝制，是顺应历史潮流实行民主议会政治，还是违背人民意愿固守封建统治，袁世凯在这两条道路的选择过程中摇摆不定。袁世凯虽然对《临时约法》的束缚极感不便，却希望在宪法制定上做文章，幻想用宪法的合法外衣来掩饰他的帝制梦想。因此在《天坛宪法草案》的制定过程中，袁世凯竭力通过各种方式、手段来干预宪法的制定，，来实现最大化其政治权力的目的。宪法制定的目的和方向一般是由一国政治环境中占据绝对实力的政治派别来决定的，宪法制定的效果如何通常决定于各政治集团能否达成各自政治利益的妥协。论政治实力，当属以袁世凯为首的北洋军阀最为强大，对于自认为在辛亥革命的胜利中居功自伟的袁世凯来说，他得政治诉求能否在民国初年的政治体制中得到实现，对《天坛宪法草案》最终的命运至关重要。反思《天坛宪法草案》的失败破产，一个不容忽视的原因就是宪法草案的内容没有满足袁世凯的政治利益诉求从而激发了北洋派的强烈反弹。《天坛宪法草案》是中国历史上第一部由国民选出的代表制定的宪法草案，由于当时复杂的历史环境导致这部宪法草案最终破产，使得该宪法草案在历史上默默无闻，遭受许多批评，因此考察其本来面目，分析其进步性，反思其得失，对研究民国时期的制宪运动具有重要意义。本文内容由四个部分组成。第一个部分主要介绍了《天坛宪法草案》起草的背景；第二个部分阐述了《天坛宪法草案》起草的过程、起草内容的争论、最终的起草内容、起草内容的特点以及与其他一些宪法的比较；第三个部分着重分析了《天坛宪法草案》所涉设计的政治制度；第四个部分为《天坛宪法草案》的评价。
[Abstract]:The upsurge of constitution-making after the founding of the Republic of China began with the drafting of the draft Constitution of Temple of Heaven. Since 1913, political forces of all parties have carried out constitution-making activities for more than 10 years under the background of parliamentary politics for various purposes. However, the cruel and strangling fact is that the draft Constitution of Temple of Heaven has not only failed to lay a solid foundation for parliamentary democracy after the establishment of the Republic of China. However, it also forced the hard-won Congress to be strongly disbanded by Yuan Shikai, who has been infected by autocratic dictatorship. When later scholars reflected on the drafting process and the final outcome of this draft constitution, they agreed that Yuan Shikai's autocratic political thought destroyed the germination of the constitutional system in the early years of the Republic of China. It was the culprit of the failure of democratic political transformation in the early years of the Republic of China. In the early years of the Republic of China, the victory of the Revolution of 1911 made it impossible for the general public to accept the imperial system any more. Whether to comply with the historical trend to carry out democratic parliamentary politics, or to adhere to feudal rule against the will of the people, Yuan Shikai wavered in the process of choosing these two roads. Although Yuan Shikai is very inconvenient with the shackles of the interim Law, he hopes to write about the constitution and fantasize about using the legal coat of the constitution to cover up his imperial dream. Therefore, in the process of formulating the draft Constitution of Temple of Heaven, Yuan Shikai tried his best to interfere in the formulation of the Constitution in various ways and means in order to maximize his political power. The purpose and direction of constitution formulation is generally determined by the political faction that occupies absolute power in a country's political environment. The effect of constitution formulation usually depends on whether each political group can reach the compromise of its own political interests. As far as political strength is concerned, the Northern warlords headed by Yuan Shikai are the most powerful. For Yuan Shikai, who thinks he has contributed to the victory of the 1911 Revolution, whether his political demands can be realized in the political system in the early years of the Republic of China. It is crucial to the final fate of the draft Constitution of the Temple of Heaven. Reflecting on the failure and bankruptcy of the Temple of Heaven draft Constitution, one of the reasons that can not be ignored is that the content of the draft Constitution does not meet the demands of Yuan Shikai's political interests, thus arousing the strong rebound of the Beiyang faction. The draft Constitution of Temple of Heaven is the first draft constitution drawn up by a national elected representative in Chinese history. Because of the complex historical environment at that time, the draft constitution finally went bankrupt, making the draft constitution unknown in history. Many criticisms have been received, so it is of great significance to study the constitutional movement in the Republic of China by investigating its true face, analyzing its progress and reflecting on its gains and losses. The content of this paper consists of four parts. The first part mainly introduces the background of drafting the draft Constitution of Temple of Heaven. The second part expounds the drafting process of the draft Constitution of the Temple of Heaven, the debate on the drafting content, the final drafting content, the characteristics of the drafting content and the comparison with some other constitutions. The third part focuses on the analysis of the political system involved in the draft Constitution of Heaven, and the fourth part is the evaluation of the draft Constitution of Temple of Heaven.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D929

【共引文献】